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Animal Nutrition > L1 - What is Food? > Flashcards

L1 - What is Food? Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 main classes can nutrients be divided into?

A

Macronutrients and micronutrients

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2
Q

What are the macronutrients? Why are they called this/

A

Protein, carbohydrates and lipids

They are needed in large amounts

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3
Q

What are the micronutrients? Why are they called this?

A

Vitamins and minerals

They are needed in much smaller amounts than macronutrients

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4
Q

How many amino acids are there? How many are essential in the majority of species?

A

23 AAs, 9 essential

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5
Q

Why are some amino acids essential?

A

They can not be produced at a sufficient rate, so need to be taken in through the diet

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6
Q

What are the major differences between some species in terms of which amino acids are essential/non-essential?

A

Cats - taurine is essential

Humans - arginine is non-essential

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7
Q

What are the 4 major classifications of carbohydrates?

A

Absorbable, digestible, fermentable and non-fermentable

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8
Q

What are the absorbable carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose)

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9
Q

What is blood glucose levels regulated by?

A

Insulin

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10
Q

What is glucose stored as in the body?

A

Glycogen

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11
Q

What is ketosis in pregnant or lactating cows and sheep? How does this occur?

A

An increase in ketone production - if less glucose is eaten, more fat is burned which leads to excess ketones

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12
Q

What are the digestible carbohydrates?

A

Sugars (disaccharides) and starch (polysaccharide)

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13
Q

What are the fermentable carbohydrates?

A

Oligosaccharides, resistant starch, non-starch polysaccharides

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14
Q

What are the non-fermentable carbohydrates? What do these do?

A

Insoluble fibre - increases gut motility and reduces constipation

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15
Q

What types of lipid are there?

A

Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

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16
Q

What type of lipid is solid at room temperature?

A

Saturated

17
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic, alpha-linolenic, and arachiadonic acids

18
Q

How much energy (in kcal/g) do each of the macronutrients provide?

A

Protein and carbs - 4.1 kcal/g

Lipids - 8.8 kcal/g

19
Q

How many vitamins are there? What are they?

A

19 - A, B complex (14), C, D, E, and K

20
Q

How can vitamins be classified?

What vitamins belong to each category?

A

Water soluble - B and C

Fat soluble - A, D, E, K

21
Q

What type of vitamin needs to be taken in regularly?

Why is this?

A

Water soluble - the are stored poorly in the body compared to fat soluble vitamins, and excesses are lost in urine

22
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin A?

A

Retinol

23
Q

What is the major source of vitamin A?

A

Carotenoids such as beta-carotene from plants

24
Q

What are the major sources of B complex vitamins?

A

Bacteria in gut - rumen, caecum or LI

Ingestion of soil

25
Q

What B vitamin plays an important role in pregnancy?

A

B9 - folic acid

26
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

27
Q

What cells are high in vitamin C?

A

Immune cells (deplete during infection)

28
Q

What animals cant produce their own vitamin C?

A

Primates, bats, guinea-pigs and capybaras

29
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin D?

A

Calciferol

30
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A

Calcium absorption

31
Q

How is vitamin D synthesised?

A

UVB converts cholesterol in skin to vitamin D

32
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin E?

A

Tocopherol

33
Q

Give 2 major functions of vitamin E

A
  • Antioxidant - incorporated into cell membranes to prevent oxidative damage
  • Enzyme regulation
  • Neurological functioning
  • Gene expression
34
Q

What is the role of vitamin K?

A

Regulates formation of blood clotting factors

35
Q

What vitamin is given as an injection to newborns? Why is this?

A

Vitamin K - prevents serious bleeding before the body has made sufficient amounts of blood clotting factors

Animal Nutrition (1 decks)

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