L1 (W/O PICS) Flashcards
1
Q
defined as the production, development, differentiation, and maturation of all blood cells.
A
Hematopoiesis
2
Q
outstrips most high-scale manufacturers in terms of production quotas, customs specifications, and quality of final product.
A
Cellular Machinery
3
Q
Within basic bone marrow structure lies the mechanism to
A
Constantly supply the peripheral circulation with mature cells.
Mobilize the bone marrow to increase production if hematological conditions warrant.
Compensate for decreased hematopoiesis by providing for hematopoietic sites outside of the bone marrow (non-bone marrow sites, the liver and spleen).
4
Q
study of the structure, functions and diseases of blood
A
Hematology
5
Q
red liquid that is circulated by the heart and flows in the veins, arteries and capillaries
A
Blood
6
Q
specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material called plasma
A
Blood
7
Q
The so-called formed elements circulating in the plasma are
A
erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets
8
Q
Liquid portion of blood consists of
A
Plasma,Serum
9
Q
Liquid portion of unclotted blood
A
Plasma
10
Q
Plasma Contains
A
Fibrinogen
11
Q
Is an aqueous solution, pH 7.4, containing substances of low or high molecular weight that make up 7% of its volume
A
Plasma
12
Q
Liquid portion of clotted blood and devoid of fibrinogen
A
Serum
13
Q
was utilized to form the fibrin threads of the blood clot
A
Fibrinogen
14
Q
Contains growth factors and other proteins released from platelets during clot formation, which confer biological properties very different from those of plasma.
A
Serum
15
Q
This includes the various formed elements of the blood such as erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets)
A
Solid Portion of Blood
16
Q
distributing vehicle, transporting O2, CO2, metabolites, hormones, and other substances to cells throughout the body
A
Blood
17
Q
bound to hemoglobin in erythrocytes and is much more abundant in arterial than venous blood,
A
O2
18
Q
carried in solution as CO2 or HCO3−, in addition to being hemoglobin-bound
A
CO2
19
Q
fluid form due to naturally circulating anticoagulants
A
Blood In Vivo
20
Q
coagulates within 5 – 10 mins
A
Blood In Vitro
21
Q
Bloodcoloring is due to
A
Hemoglobin
22
Q
ph of Blood
A
average pH of 7.4 (7.35 – 7.45) (Slightly Alkaline)
23
Q
Specific Gravity of Blood
A
1.055
24
Q
3.5 – 4.5 times thicker than water
A
Blood
25
Comprises about 7 – 8% of the total body component or equivalent to 75 – 85 mL/kg body weight
Blood
26
g solid/100 mL Blood
20g
27
blood carries _ from lungs to tissues
Oxygen
28
Blood Carries _ from tissues to lungs
CO2
29
Functions of Blood
1. Carries oxygen from lungs to tissues & CO2 from body tissues to the lungs.
2. Supplies tissues throughout the body with food materials & substances absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract.
3. Carries waste products of catabolism of the tissues to the main excretory organs for elimination.
4. Assists in the preservation of an almost neutral reaction in the tissues by its selective excretion of soluble & its buffering power.
5. Maintains constant body temperature.
6. Transports hormones & other endocrine secretions that regulate cell function.
7. Maintains degree of irritability of the tissue cells.
8. For body defense mechanism.
30
A continuous, regulated process of blood cell production that includes cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.
Hematopoiesis
31
These processes result in the formation, development, and specialization of all of the functional blood cells that are released from the bone marrow to the circulation
Hematopoiesis
32
Hematopoiesis in the developing human can be characterized as a
select distribution of embryonic cells in specific sites that rapidly changes during development.
33
hematopoiesis in healthy adults is
estricted primarily to the bone marrow
34
During fetal development, the restricted, sequential distribution of cells is initiated in the
yolk sac and then progresses in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region (mesoblastic phase), then to the fetal liver (hepatic phase), and finally resides in the bone marrow (medullary phase)
35
From 2 weeks until 2 months in fetal life, most erythropoiesis takes place in the
fetal yolk sac (mesodermal extraembryonic layer).
36
This period of development produces primitive erythroblasts and embryonic hemoglobins (Hgbs) such as Hgb Gower I and Gower II and Hgb Portland.
Mesoblastic Period
37
These Hgbs are constructed as tetramers with two alpha chains combined with either epsilon or zeta chains.
Hgb Gower I and Gower II and Hgb Portland
38
they do not survive into adult life and do not participate in oxygen delivery.
Hgb Gower I and Gower II and Hgb Portland
39
From 2 through 7 months of fetal life they take over the hematopoietic role
liver and spleen
40
chief site by the 3rd month of life
liver
41
period where White cells and megakaryocytes begin to appear in small numbers.
Hepatic Period
42
serves as an erythroid-producing organ primarily but also gives rise to fetal Hgb
Liver
43
consists of alpha and gamma chains
fetal hgb
44
also become hematopoietically active during hepatic stage, producing red cells and lymphocytes
spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes
45
1st fully developed organ in the fetus; becomes the major site of T cell production
thymus
46
site of B cell production
Kidney
47
Spleen – active in ____ until the end of normal gestation (splenic)
Erythropoiesis
48
Spleen – active in ___ but becomes minimal by the 5th month
Myelopoiesis
49
Spleen – active in ___ for lifetime
Lymphopoiesis
50
From 7 months until birth ____ assumes the primary role in hematopoiesis, a role that continues into adult life.
bone marrow
51
serves as the chief site
Red bone marrow
52
the majority adult Hgb (alpha 2, beta 2), begins to form in Medullary/Myeloid Period
Hgb A
53
Hgb A formation in Medullary/Myeloid Period begins to form in
Starts on the 5th month of fetal life
54
period where Measurable levels of EPO, G-CSF, GM-CSF, Hb F, Hb A2 can be determined
Medullary/Myeloid Period
55
the only site of erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis and thrombopoiesis
Bone Marrow
56
hematopoietically active marrow (site of blood cell development); comprises approximately 50% of the marrow cavity space
Red Marrow
57
composed primarily of adipocytes
Yellow Marrow
58
4th year of life and possibly between 5 – 7 years of age, _____ becomes more abundant and begin to occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by active marrow
adipose tissue
59
the only active hematopoietic sites are in the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, scapulae, sternum, skull and proximal extremities of the long bones
18th year of life,
60
the process of replacing the active marrow by adipose tissue
Retrogression
61
process where The inactive yellow marrow is scattered throughout the red marrow and is capable of reverting back to the active marrow in cases of increased demand on the bone marrow
Retrogression
62
Areas located within the bone marrow cavity where red marrow has been replaced by yellow marrow consist of a mixture of
adipose cells, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, and macrophages.
63
Full of developing precursor cells in all stages of maturation
BONE MARROW
64
First recognizable precursor in each cell line is
blast
65
has been used to study the site of blood cell production
Radioactive imaging
66
the radioisotope of choice because it mimics ingested iron which is bound to transferrin in the blood
Iron
67
Hematopoiesis outside the bone marrow environment, primarily the liver and spleen.
EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS
68
EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS Principally occurs in
liver and spleen lymph nodes and thymus
69
these organs play major roles in early fetal hematopoiesis, they retain their hematopoietic memory and capability.
liver and spleen lymph nodes and thymus
70
If extramedullary hematopoiesis develops, the liver and spleen become enlarged, a condition known as
hepatosplenomegaly
71
Physical evidence of hepatosplenomegaly
will be an individual who looks puffy and
protrusive in the left upper abdominal area.
72
always an indicator that hematological health is compromised
that hematological health is compromised
73
undifferentiated cell capable of producing cells of one lineage, colony forming units (CFUs) (e.g., erythroid CFU, granulocyte-macrophage CFU)
Committed progenitor
74
give rise to all formed elements
Hemocytoblasts
75
a cytokine and a hormone produced by the kidneys that functions as a targeted erythroid growth factor which regulates RBC production through a receptor on the pronormoblast, which is the youngest red cell precursor in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin
76
major regulator of erythropoiesis, stimulates erythroid CFU cells and proerythroblasts
Erythropoietin
77
increases platelet production, stimulates megakaryocyte CFU cells
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
78
increases production of neutrophils, stimulates granulocyte-macrophage CFU cells
Granulocyte CSF
79
increases macrophage production, stimulates granulocyte-macrophage CFU cells
Granulocyte-macrophage CSF
80
stimulate B- and T-cell formation, function together with G-CSF and GM-CSF
Interleukins
81
maturation of megakaryocyte
MEGAKARYOPOIESIS
82
genesis of platelets
THROMBOPOIESIS
83
The stem cell for platelets is the
hemocytoblast
84
Earliest recognizable stage of maturation
MEGAKARYOBLAST
85
a special hormone responsible for the commitment of the megakaryoblast to differentiate further into mature stages
THROMBOPOIETIN
86
The cell is large, irregularly shaped with a single or several round or oval nuclei and with a blue, non-granular cytoplasm.
MEGAKARYOBLAST
87
* Nucleoli are usually present.
* Centrally located nucleus with fine delicate chromatin strands
* High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
MEGAKARYOBLAST
88
* Presence of bluish granules in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus
* The nucleus in this second stage of maturation has usually divided one or more times (2N) and the cell has increased in size.
* Globules and polyribosome
MEGAKARYOBLAST
89
termed dense, alpha and lysosomal and are dispersed through the cytoplasm
Granules
90
This cell differs from the megakaryoblast in that there are bluish granules in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus
PROMEGAKARYOCYTE
91
Abundant light blue to pink cytoplasm with numerous purple-red or pink granules;
nucleus has 8, 16 or 32 overlapping lobes;
no nucleolus
MEGAKARYOCYTE WITHOUT PLATELETS
92
Megakaryocyte nuclei may have from 2 to 32 lobes and, in unusual cases, may have up to 64 lobes.
MEGAKARYOCYTE WITHOUT PLATELETS
93
Megakaryocytes develop copious cytoplasm, which differentiates into platelets
MEGAKARYOCYTE WITHOUT PLATELETS
94
how many days MEGAKARYOCYTE WITHOUT PLATELETS mature in the bone marrow
5 days
95
functions as the future membrane system of the metamegakaryocyte’s new offspring, the platelet
Demarcating Membrane System
96
the nucleus is duplicated but there is no cell division, resulting in a polyploid cell
endomitosis,
97
Have demarcated granular clumps of platelets streaming from the margins
*Capable of endomitosis
* 9-12 days – life span of cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocyte
MEGAKARYOCYTE WITH SHEDDING PLATELETS
98
Final stage of cell line maturation
MEGAKARYOCYTE WITH SHEDDING PLATELETS
99
MEGAKARYOCYTE PRODUCING PLATELETS aka
METAMEGAKARYOCYTE
100
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] megakaryocyte is small
Basophilic stage
101
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] has diploid nucleus and abundant basophilic cytoplasm
Basophilic stage
102
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] nucleus is more polyploid
Granular stage
103
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] cytoplasm is more eosinophilic and granular
Granular stage
104
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] megakaryocyte is very large
Mature stage
105
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] with approximately 16-32 nuclei, abundance of granular cytoplasm.
Mature stage
106
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] undergoes shedding to form platelets
Mature stage
107
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] Small fragments of megakaryocytes
PLATELETS/THROMBOCYTES
108
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
PLATELETS/THROMBOCYTES
109
[STAGE OF MATURATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES] Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
PLATELETS/THROMBOCYTES
110
contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor
Platelet granules
111
Megakaryocytes do not experience complete cellular division but undergo a process called
ENDOMITOSIS
112
In endomitosis ___ is missing creating a cell with a multilobed nucleus
normal telophase
113
Each lobe of the nucleus is diploid 2N and contains a full complement of __ pairs of chromosomes capable of transcription
23
114
Megakaryocytes are therefore
polyploid
115
(have more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes)
polyploid
116
During endomitotic division of the nucleus the more ploidy there is, the ___ the cytoplasmic volume will be
larger
117
may achieve 16N or 16 chromosome pairs and develop as many as 16 lobes 32N
Megakaryocytes
118
When the ____ is in equilibrium the average megakaryocyte which is 8N or 16N produces 2000 to 4000 platelets
platelet turnover
119
[PRENATAL HEMATOPOIESIS] chief site is the yolk sac
Mesoblastic Period
120
[PRENATAL HEMATOPOIESIS] chief site is the liver
Hepatic Period
121
[PRENATAL HEMATOPOIESIS] chief site is the red bone marrow
Medullary/Myeloid Period
122
states that all cells are derived from a pool of stem cells that are self-renewing
Stem Cell Theory of Hematopoiesis
