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CVS & IBL - Histology 🔬 > L1: Structure of blood cells > Flashcards

L1: Structure of blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of blood?

A

It is the fluid of life contained in the closed circulatory system.

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2
Q

What is the blood composed of?

A

Contents:

Cells:- 45% of bl. volume
Plasma:- 55% of bl. volume

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3
Q

What is the definition of blood cells?

A

Free C.T cells, produced by hematopoietic tissue, are suspended in blood plasma.

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4
Q

What are the types of blood cells?

A
  1. RBCs 2. WBCs 3. Platelets
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5
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

A

120 days (destroyed by macrophage of liver spleen & bone marrow)

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6
Q

What is the shape of red blood cells?

A

Normal shape:
 single RBC looks → Rounded biconcave discs.
 If in groups → Rouleaux Formation

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7
Q

What is the diameter of red blood cells? What happens in case of an increase or decrease in the diameter?

A

6 – 9 μm (7.5μm):

If < 6 μm → microcytic anemia

if > 9 μm → macrocytic anemia

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8
Q

What are the color and the stains of RBCs?

A

Color:
 Single RBC → greenish-yellow
 One drop appears red due to the large no. of RBCs

In stained sections: “by Leishman stains” “no blueness due to absence of nuclei”

 normal HB appears acidophilic with a pale center.
 Less HB pale (hypochromic)
 More HB deeply stained periphery with stained center (hyperchromic)

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9
Q

What is the number of RBCs and what is the device used to count them?

A
  • It is counted by hemocytometer.
  • Males: 5 – 5.5 m/mm
  • Females: 4.5 – 5 m/mm
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10
Q

What are the abnormalities related to the number of RBCs?

A

↑ number → polycythemia.

↓number→ anemia “Even if the RBCs are large-sized”

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11
Q

What is the structure of RBCs?

A

 Non-nucleated cells.

 No organoids but filled with HB.

 Surrounded by a cell membrane that is plastic “to allow more permeability” and has selective permeability. “To gases not to HB”

 Contain important enzymes: carbonic anhydrase enzyme.

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12
Q

How do RBCs adapt to their function?

A

 The cell membrane is highly selective

 Highly plastic cell membrane

 Absence of a nucleus and all organoids to give more space to HB inside the cell

 Biconcave surface of the RBCs hits surface area through which gases exchange takes place

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13
Q

What is the definition of white blood cells?

A

True nucleated cells with organoids and inclusions, but no HB.

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14
Q

What is the color of white blood cells?

A

Single WBC is colorless but aggregated WBCs appear white.

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15
Q

What is the number of white blood cells?

A

❖ Total Leucocytic count:
 The total number of leucocytes in the blood (4000-11000/mm3).
“Much less than RBCs”

❖ Differential leucocytic count:
 Percentage of each type of leucocyte in blood.

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16
Q

What are abnormalities related to the number of white blood cells?

A

↑ Number → leukocytosis.

↓ Number → leukopenia.

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17
Q

What are the causes of anemia?

A
  • deficiency of Fe, VitB12
  • Hge: as in hemorrhagic anemia
  • Haemolysis: as in hemolytic anemia
  • Malfunction of B.M.: as in Aplastic anemia
18
Q

What are the causes of polycythemia?

A

▪Haemoconcentration as in dehydration

▪increased producion from the bone marrow

19
Q

What are the causes of leukocytosis?

A

Physiological:

Pregnancy. 
Newborns.
Cold bath & cold wind.
Sun rays. 
Heavy meals.

Pathological:

Acute and chronic infections

20
Q

What are the causes of leukopenia?

A

Viral diseases.
Typhoid fever.
Irradiation.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics.

21
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A

❖ Are classified into 2 types according to cytoplasmic granules:
 granular (their cytoplasm contains granules)
 agranular their cytoplasm contains no granules

22
Q

Describe neutrophils according to percentage, diameter, LM, and functions.

A

percentage: 60-75 %
diameter: 10-12 μm

LM:
 Nucleus: Darkly stained. Segmented (2-5 segments)
 Cytoplasm: Fine neutrophilic granules.

functions:
1) Defense against microorganism “by 2”
2) Secrete proteolytic enzymes
3) Stimulate BM during infections to produce more leucocytes (neutrophilia)
4) Attract monocytes to the infected area.
5) Pus formation. “NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGE”
6) Secrete trephone → wound healing. “Help platelets”

23
Q

Describe basophils according to percentage, diameter, LM, and functions.

A

percentage: 0.5-1 %
diameter: 10-12 μm “like neutrophils”

LM:

  • Nucleus: Lightly stained, Irregular, Obscured “masked” by cytoplasmic granules.
  • Cytoplasm: large basophilic granules containing Histamine & heparin. “Antagonize eosinophils”

functions:
1) Produce histamine & heparin during allergy. “Inc allergy to stimulate the immune system”
2) Release eosinophil chemotactic factor.

24
Q

Describe eosinophils according to percentage, diameter, LM, and functions.

A

percentage: 2 -5 %
diameter: 12-15 μm “bigger than neutrophils”

LM:

  • Nucleus: Less darkly stained, bilobed, or horse-shoe shaped
  • Cytoplasm: large acidophilic refractile “shiny” granules containing Histaminase & sulphatase enzymes. “Anti-allergic cells”

functions:
Attracted to the site of allergy → anti-allergic action through:
1) Phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complex.
2) Histaminase & sulphatase → destroy excess histamine & other substances causing the allergy.

25
Q

What is the percentage of lymphocytes in detail?

A

Overall: 25-30%
Small: 15-20%
Medium: 5-10%

26
Q

what is the diameter of small and medium lymphocytes respectively?

A

6-8 microns “similar to RBCs”

10-12 microns “like neutrophils and basophils”

27
Q

What is the Shape of the nucleus of small lymphocytes?

A
  • Small, rounded

- Deeply stained

28
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus of medium lymphocytes?

A
  • Large, indented

- Lightly stained

29
Q

What is the shape of the cytoplasm of small lymphocytes?

A

 A little rim around the nucleus

 Pale blue

30
Q

What is the shape of the cytoplasm of medium lymphocytes?

A

 Abundant

 More basophilic

31
Q

Compare between T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

A

Return to page 7 in L1B2

32
Q

Describe monocytes according to percentage, diameter, LM, functions.

A

PERCENTAGE: 3-8 %

DIAMETER: 15-20 microns “largest in the blood film”

LM:

  • Nucleus: large, horse-shoe “like eosinophils” (kidney) shaped, less condensed chromatin
  • Cytoplasm: non-granular pale blue (frosted glass appearance).

FUNCTIONS:

1) Phagocytic.
2) Migrate by amoeboid movement “by pseudopodia” through the wall of capillaries and venules into the surrounding C.T. → macrophages.

33
Q

What is the definition of blood platelets (thrombocytes)?

A

Fragments of cytoplasm covered with a membrane with no nucleus (not true cells).

34
Q

What is the origin of platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes “largest cell in blood film”

35
Q

What is the size of platelets?

A

2 - 4 μm. “Smallest in blood film”

36
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

5-10 days.

37
Q

What is the shape of platelets?

A

oval or rounded discs. “Not biconcave”

38
Q

What is the number of platelets?

A

150.000 - 400.000 / mm3 “in-between”

39
Q

What Is the LM of platelets? “By leishmaniasis stain”

A

 Oval or rounded, non-nucleated discs.
 Outer pale blue transparent part (hyalomere).
 Central granular part (granulomere). “Opposite to RBCs”

40
Q

What is the EM structure of platelets?

A

1) Cell membrane:
 Irregular, covered with a thick cell coat. “Glycocalyx”

2) Hyalomere:
 Tubules & vesicles.
 Actin-like filaments & microtubules.

3) Granulomere:
 α granules: fibrinogen.
 β granules: mitochondria.
 δ granules: serotonin, ATP, ADP, and calcium. 
 λ granules: lysosomes.
 Glycogen granules.
41
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

(Hemostasis)

1) Serotonin → V.C. “Delta granules”
2) Platelet aggregation.
3) Red thrombus (coagulation):
- Thromboplastin changes prothrombin into thrombin → change fibrinogen into fibrin network → attraction of RBCs → closes blood vessels and stops bleeding

CVS & IBL - Histology 🔬 (5 decks)

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