Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SBI4U > L1 - Structure & Function Of Biomolecules > Flashcards

L1 - Structure & Function Of Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compounds contain which two elements?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why can carbon atoms bond with each other so easily?

A

They have 4 electrons to easily share

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

________ _______ are reactive clusters of hydrocarbons containing oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus or other elements.

A

Functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the six functional groups?

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulphydril, & phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are functional groups hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are macromolecules made of?

A

Monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

__________ _________ is an anabolic reaction that removes H2O from monomers in order to join together and create a macromolecule.

A

Dehydration synthesis (or condensation reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

________ is a catabolic reaction that adds H2O to macromolecules and breaks them down into smaller monomers.

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules of life?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What macro is a building material for energy, and used for the identification and communication of cells?

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates in a ratio of 1:2:1?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three classifications of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides (one sugar), oligosaccharides (two or three sugars), and polysaccharides (made of several hundred or thousand monosaccharide subunits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are saccharides?

A

Sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharides?

A

Aldoses and Ketoses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between a terminal carbon and a central carbon?

A

They are both carbon atoms that have a functional group attached, but a terminal carbon atom is on the end of a chain and a central carbon is positioned somewhere in the chain between the end atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Each carbon atom in a monosaccharide has an attached ______ group, except for the terminal or central atom, which has a _______ group attached.

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Saccharides with __ or more carbon atoms will form a ring when dissolved in water.

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What three monosaccharides are subunits of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose all contain C6, H12, 06 but are all re-arranged differently, which make them _______ of one another.

A

Isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of carbohydrate is two or three sugars attached to one another through glycosidic linkages after dehydration synthesis?

A

Oligosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are made of two sugars bonded together, so they are classified as ____________.

A

Disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Polysaccharides are also called ______ carbs

A

Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the most important carbohydrates in our diet?

A

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What polysaccharide is made from amylose and amylopectin, and is the storage molecule for plant energy (abundant in root vegetables) and can be digested in humans for energy?

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What polysaccharide is the main energy storage molecule for animals, and regulates glucose levels in the blood?

A

Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What polysaccharide requires all other glucose subunits to become inverted due to its beta1-4 linkages? It is not coiled or branched like starch or glycogen, but is long, tough and rigid for protective plant walls.

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What two polysaccharides have alpha1-4 and alpha1-6 links?

A

Glycogen and starch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What polysaccharide cannot be digested by humans, but is a form of fibre that aids in bowel movements?

A

Cellulose

30
Q

What polysaccharide is similar to a cellular polymer, has a function group containing nitrogen, forms exoskeletons of insects, and is made into surgical thread.

A

Chitin

31
Q

What organic molecule dissolves in oil and non-polar substances and not in water?

A

Lipids

32
Q

What organic molecule stores twice the amount of chemical energy than carbs and proteins, are physical and thermal insulation, and key components in cell membranes?

A

Lipids

33
Q

What organic molecule acts as a raw material in hormone synthesis, and as a chemical messenger between cells?

A

Lipids

34
Q

What are the 4 types of lipids?

A

Fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

35
Q

What type of lipid is the most common form of energy and insulation in plants and animals?

A

Fats

36
Q

During dehydration synthesis of a fat molecule, a glycerol molecule bonds with 1 to 3 fatty-acid chains. What is this process called?

A

Esterification (ester linkages)

37
Q

If a fat molecule is made of 3 fatty-acid chains, it is called a _________.

A

Triglyceride

38
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

39
Q

What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms, are saturated in hydrogen atoms, and are solid at room temp. (Butter, lard, etc.)

Unsaturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms, are not saturated with hydrogen atoms, and are liquid at room temp. (Corn and olive oil, etc.)

40
Q

What type of lipid makes up the cell membrane of animal cells, and consist of one hydrophilic head and a two-stranded hydrophobic tail?

A

Phospholipid

41
Q

What lipid type has one glycerol and two fatty-acids, and a highly polar phosphate group?

A

Phospholipid

42
Q

What type of lipid creates a bilayer in animal cells, which is highly impermeable to macromolecules, charged ions, and small lipid-soluble molecules.

A

Phospholipids

43
Q

What type of lipid includes/derives from cholesterol and includes testosterone, progesterone, etc.?

A

Steroids/sterol

44
Q

What type of lipid has a sub-group of sterols?

A

Steroids

45
Q

What sub-group of steroids are compact, hydrophobic molecules that contain 4 fused hydrocarbon rings?

A

Sterol

46
Q

What sterol can be converted into vitamin D, affects the fluidity of the cell membrane, and allows communication during development? Too much of it can clog arteries and cause heart disease.

A

Cholesterol

47
Q

Steroid molecules derive from _____________ molecules

A

Cholesterol

48
Q

What organic molecule is involved in almost everything cells do, and include enzymes, hemoglobin, keratin, fibrin, etc.

A

Protein

49
Q

What type of acids makes up protein?

A

Amino acids

50
Q

What are the three types of amino acids?

A

Amino group, carboxylic, radical group (“R”)

51
Q

What group can make amino acids polar, non-polar, or charged?

A

Radical group

52
Q

How many amino acids are there and how many are essential?

A

There are 20, and 8 of them are essential.

53
Q

8 essential amino acids must be from our diet, how do we get the other 12?

A

They are manufactured in our cells.

54
Q

Bonds that hold amino acids together are called ______ bonds.

A

Peptide

55
Q

What are the four stages of protein structures?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

56
Q

What protein structure is comprised of one polypeptide chain?

A

Primary structure

57
Q

What do you call amino acids that are bonded together with peptide bonds?

A

Polypeptide chain

58
Q

What is the protein structure that consists of one polypeptide chain?

A

Primary protein structure

59
Q

The protein structure that results in polypeptide chains folding into one another and start to change shape. Hydrogen bonds link between oxygen atoms of the carboxyl group and the hydrogen atoms of the amino group.

A

Secondary protein structure

60
Q

This protein structure happens when radical-group interactions cause further change in structure shape due to covalent bonds called disulphides bridges.

A

Tertiary protein structure

61
Q

All proteins will eventually settle into this structure. This structure results in crumpled or balled-up shapes, but are globular in general.

A

Tertiary protein structure

62
Q

This protein structure does not necessarily happen with all proteins, and happens when two or more polypeptides fold together to form a functional protein. How they fold together will determine its shape.

A

Quaternary protein structure

63
Q

This protein structure is commonly alpha helices or pleaded beta sheets.

A

Secondary protein structure

64
Q

This type of organic macromolecule includes DNA, RNA, ATP, and nucleotide co-enzymes, and made up of nucleotide monomers.

A

Nucleic acids

65
Q

DNA and RNA are called nucleotide ________.

A

Polymers

66
Q

These consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base, and are the monomers of nucleic acids.

A

Nucleotides

67
Q

What are polymers made of?

A

Monomers

68
Q

What do bonded monomers create?

A

Polymers

69
Q

When nucleic acid polymers are created, the phosphate and ribose groups are bonded by a _______ linkage.

A

Phosphodiester

70
Q

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases of nucleotides?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

71
Q

What 2 nitrogenous bases are purines (have a double ring structure)?

A

Adenine and Guanine

72
Q

What are the 3 nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines (single-ring structure)?

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

SBI4U (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions