L1 - STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF THE BODY

Question 1

What is the principle function of the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Answer 1

Protection

Question 2

What is the principle function of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM?

Answer 2

Movement

Question 3

What is the principle function of the skeletal system?

Answer 3

Mainly support and protection; also bone marrow is important for production of red blood cells.

Question 4

What is the principle function of the NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Answer 4

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating activities of other organ systems // produces nerve impulses to regulate body activities.

Question 5

What is the principle function of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Answer 5

Releases hormones to regulate body activities.

Question 6

What is the principle function of lymphatic and immune system?

Answer 6

Defence; transport of lipids, proteins and lymphoid cells.

Question 7

What is the principle function of the digestive system?

Answer 7

Digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and elimination of solid waste.

Question 8

What is the principle function of the urinary system?

Answer 8

Produces urine, storage and elimination, also regulation of blood volume and assists in production of blood cells.

Question 9

What is the principle function of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 9

Transports cells + dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes and gases, as well as CO2 AND O2. Regulates water content and temperature.

Question 10

What is the principle function of the respiratory system?

Answer 10

Transports O2 and CO2 between blood and air.

Question 11

What is the principle of function for the reproductive system?

Answer 11

Production of sperm(males) or oocytes(females) (gametes); hormones regulate a number of processes.

Question 12

Name the 4 basic types of tissue

Answer 12

Epithelial, connective, nerve and muscle.

Question 13

What is the epithelial tissue? (Name major function + description)

Answer 13

• Covers surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts; forms glands. MF - protection, filtration, secretion, absorption and excretion.

Question 14

What is the connective tissue? (Name mf + description)

Answer 14

• Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substances (including bones and blood). MF - protects and supports; binds organs together; stores energy and transports blood.

Question 15

What is the nerve tissue? (Name mf + description)

Answer 15

-Conducting nerve cells and supportive neuroglia. MF - detects changes and generates nerve impulses.

Question 16

What is the muscle tissue? (Name mf + description)

Answer 16

• Contractile cells (muscle fibres). MF - movement.

Question 17

What is histology?

Answer 17

Histology is the microscopic study of tissues of the body.

Question 18

Name all of the 11 Body systems

Answer 18

Integumentary, muscular, skeletal, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic and immune, cardiovascular, urinary, digestive, reproductive, nervous.

Question 19

What is the name for skin and what is its purpose?

Answer 19

Name - Cutaneous Membrane
Purpose - acts as a physical Barrier between external and internal environment that it serves to protect and works with other systems in the body to keep it in balance. It protects and covers the surface.

Question 20

What are the 2 major components of the integumentary system?

Answer 20

Cutaneous membrane (epidermis + dermis) & Hypodermis. Accessory structures (hairs, nails, and exocrine glands - sebaceous and sweat glands). Blood vessels and nerve fibres support skin functions.

Question 21

Explain all the accessory structures:

Answer 21

Sweat glands - for thermoregulation (evaporative cooling)
Sebaceous glands - lubricates hair shaft + epidermis and removes waste
Nails - stiffens + protects digits
Tactile (meissners’) corpuscle - nerve ending/mechanoreceptors
Arrector pili muscles - hair follicles connected to connective tissue
Hair follicle - sensory from innervation(process of supplying nerves to organ/part of body) / hairs for protection
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle - sensory receptors - detects touch, temperature, pain and pressure

Question 22

What production of which vitamin is the skin responsible for?

Answer 22

Skin is responsible for vitamin D production in the epidermis layer. UVB (ultraviolet B) from sun acts as a precursor to calcitriol(1,25-dihydroxycholecalcitriol), which is the active form of vitamin D and a hormone which binds to and activates the vitamin D receptors in the nucleus of the cell. Red > Brown are 2 areas of most vit D production in skin.

Question 23

What does the dermis consist of?

Answer 23

Dermis consists of a papillary layer of areolar tissue and a reticular layer of dense irregular connective tissue. It has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands,nerves, hair follicles and other structures.

Question 24

How does the dermis feed the epidermis?

Answer 24

Dermis has blood vessels which provide nutrients to the epidermis, keeping the skin layers healthy.

Question 25

What is the hypodermis?

Answer 25

The hypodermis is the subcutaneous layer/superficial fascia, it is for fat stores; attaches skin to deeper layers. It separates the integumentary from the fascia around the deeper organs.

Question 26

What does the muscular system do? (Key 3 things)

Answer 26

1. Protects soft tissues.
   2 Supports skeleton
   3 Produces heat(shivering)

Question 27

What does the axial muscles(muscular system) do?

Answer 27

Axial muscles provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton.

Question 28

What does the appendicular muscles(muscular system) do?

Answer 28

Appendicular muscles provides support and movement and braces the limbs.

Question 29

What do the tendons and aponeurons do?

Answer 29

T & A translates the contractile forces into tasks.

Question 30

What are the tendons?

Answer 30

Fibrous-rope like which connects muscle to bone.

Question 31

What are the aponeurons?

Answer 31

Sheet-like which often muscle-to-muscle connection, also muscle-to-bone connection.

Question 32

What do the skeletal muscles do?

Answer 32

• Provides skeletal movements. - Controls entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory and urinary system.

Question 33

What does bones(incl bone marrow) do(in skeletal system)?

Answer 33

Bone - stores minerals.
Bone marrow
Red - red blood cell production in flat bones(pelvis, skull, sternum, ribs - lose some of this with aging)
Yellow - stores fat cells (cavity of long bones; gains with aging; yellow to red after major bleeding)

Question 34

What makes up the appendicular skeleton and what does it do?

Answer 34

Appendicular skeleton - limbs and supporting bones and ligaments. It provides internal support and positioning of external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton.