L1 Review of Hemotopoeisis Flashcards
Immune Cells of Lymphoid Lineage?
Natural Killer Cell
T Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
Dendritic Cells
Immune Cells of Myeloid Lineage? (7)
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte/Macrophage
Mast Cell
Platelets
Red Blood Cells
Cd4 T-Cells vs. CD8 T-Cells?
CD4+ T-cell Helper cells: Produce cytokines Modulate immune / inflammatory reactions
CD8+ T-cell Cytotoxic T-cells: Release granules containing granzyme B, perforin, etc. enzymes inducing membrane damage
5 Classes of Immunoglobulins?
IgG:
- Major Ig in serum
- Provides the majority antibody-based in immunity against invading pathogens
- IgG3 can cross placenta
IgM:
- First response antibody
- Expressed on the surface of B cells
- Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated immunity before there is sufficient IgG
IgE:
- Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and is involved in allergy
- Also protects against parasitic worms
IgD: Works with IgM in B cell development. Mostly B cell bound
IgA:
- Most produced Ig.
- Found in mucosal areas (gut, respiratory and urogenital tract) and prevents their colonisation by pathogens
- Resistant to digestion and is secreted in milk.
There are two types of Immunoglobulin light chains: _________ and _________
_________ chains (μ/δ/γ/α/ε) → determine Ig class
There are two types of Imminoglobulin light chains: kappa and lambda.
Each individual B cell expresses immunoglobulins with either kappa or lambda light chains (and not both). We have B cells in our body that have kappa light chains within their Ig (or secrete), and we have B cells which bear/secrete immunoglobulins containing lambda light chains.
Heavy chains (μ/δ/γ/α/ε→determine Ig class
Errors in B cell development →________, ____________, ______________
Errors in B cell development →Leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma
__________ - Reduced haemoglobin
Casues?
ANAEMIA - Reduced hemoglobin
- Blood loss
-
Reduced production of RBCs
- Insufficient nutrients e.g., iron
-
Increased destruction of RBCs
- Structurally abnormal
- disorders of Hb synthesis
-
Impaired red cell function
- Abnormal Hb; RBC metabolic defects
___________ - Increased number of RBC
Causes?
ERYTHROCYTOSIS - Increased number of RBC
- Increased numbers of RBCs due to stimulus – e.g., erythropoietin or hypoxia
Diseases of RBCs?
ANAEMIA - Reduced haemoglobin
ERYTHROCYTOSIS - Increased number of RBC
Major Diseases of Platelets?
THROMBOCYTOPAENIA - reduced number of platelets
THROMBOCYTOSIS - increased number of platelets
THROMBOCYTOPATHY - dysfunctional platelets
_____________ - reduced number of platelets ?
Causes?
THROMBOCYTOPAENIA - reduced number of platelets
- Decreased production (e.g., toxins, virus, B12 or folate deficiency, malignancy)
- Accelerated destruction (immune-mediated, non-immune)
- Sequestration of platelets (hypersplenism)
- Massive blood loss
____________ - increased number of platelets
Causes?
THROMBOCYTOSIS - increased number of platelets
- Congenital
- Reactive (to cytokines)
- Unregulated production (MPN, myeloid neoplasms)
____________ - dysfunctional platelets
Causes?
THROMBOCYTOPATHY - dysfunctional platelets
- Congenital (disorders of adhesion/activation/aggregation)
- Acquired (disorders of adhesion)
_______________: Reactive increase in production of WBCs due to presence of infection or other stimulus.
LEUKOCYTOSIS: Reactive increase in production of WBCs due to presence of infection or other stimulus.
__________ : Reduced production of WBCs - suppression of bone marrow
LEUKOPAENIA : Reduced production of WBCs - suppression of bone marrow
