L1 Review

Question 1

Phonetics

Answer 1

The study of physical speech sounds

Question 2

Articulatory phonetics:

Answer 2

How speech sounds are produced

Question 3

Acoustic phonetics

Answer 3

The acoustic properties of speech sounds

Question 4

Speech perception

Answer 4

How speech sounds are interpreted (reconstructed) by
listeners

Question 5

Phonology

Answer 5

The study of the organization of speech sounds

Question 6

Lexicon

Answer 6

A mental dictionary including a representation of the
sounds associated with each meaning.
Only contrastive sounds are included.

Question 7

Contrastive sounds

Answer 7

Distinguish the meaning between words in a particular language. These sounds (phonemes) are considered distinct if changing one for another result in a change of meaning.

Question 8

Phonotactic generalizations

Answer 8

Generalizations about which
sounds can appear where in words

Question 9

Phonological rules

Answer 9

Generalizations about how sounds
change (are altered) in different
phonological environments.

Question 10

IPA symbols are enclosed in / /

Answer 10

when talking about abstract segments.

Question 11

IPA symbols are enclosed in [ ]

Answer 11

when talking about more concrete segments.

Question 12

Consonants: Articulated with

Answer 12

significant constriction of the vocal tract.

Question 13

Vowels: Articulated without

Answer 13

significant constriction of the vocal tract.

Question 14

Voicing

Answer 14

Whether the vocal folds are vibrating (voiced) or
not vibrating (voiceless) during articulation of
the segment.

Question 15

Natural class =

Answer 15

A set of sounds that share properties in common
to the exclusion of all other sounds.

Question 16

Place of articulation

Answer 16

Where in the vocal tract the
primary constriction is located

Question 17

Manner of articulation

Answer 17

How the vocal tract is constricted / how complete is the
obstruction of airflow

Question 18

Labial class

Answer 18

Bilabial Stops: /p/, /b/
Labiodental Fricatives: /f/, /v/
Nasals: /m/

Question 19

Coronal Class

Answer 19

Interdental fricatives /θ/,/ð/
Alveolar stops /t/,/d/
nasals /n/
Alveolar fricatives /s/,/z/
Postalveolar fricatives /ʃ/,/ʒ/
Postalveolar affricates /t͡ʃ/ /d͡ʒ/
Alveolar liquid /l/
Retroflex approximant /ɹ/

Question 20

Dorsal Class

Answer 20

Velar stops /k/, /g/
Velar nasals /ŋ/
Labiovelar approximant /j/

Question 21

Obstruents

Answer 21

Relatively greater constriction / more obstructed
airflow –>(Oral) stops, fricatives, and affricates

Question 22

Soronants

Answer 22

Relatively lesser constriction / freer airflow
–> Nasals and approximants (and vowels)

Question 23

Vowel Height

Answer 23

How relatively high / mid / low the tongue body is positioned in the mouth

Question 24

Vowel Backness

Answer 24

How far forward – front / central / back – the tongue body is positioned in the mouth

Question 25

Tenseness

Answer 25

Whether the tongue position is relatively closer to resting
position (lax) or further from resting position (tense)

Question 26

Tense =

Answer 26

= advanced
tongue root (ATR)

Question 27

Lax =

Answer 27

= retracted
tongue root (RTR)

Question 28

Rounding

Answer 28

Whether the lips are rounded or unrounded during the
production of the vowel.

Question 29

Dipthongs

Answer 29

Two part vowels

Question 30

Inventory of a language

Answer 30

The set of speech sounds used in a particular language.

Question 31

Consonant inventory

Answer 31

The set of consonants used in a language.

Question 32

Vowel inventory

Answer 32

The set of vowels used in a language.

Question 33

Phonemic inventory

Answer 33

The set of contrastive sounds used in a language.

Question 34

Markedness =

Answer 34

The relative degree of complexity.
Markedness is always comparative.