[L1] Research in Psychology and Basic Concepts in Statistics Flashcards
– replicability of findings in research.
Reliability
– entire collection of events/observations we
are interested in studying.
Population
are those values that are above and below the
recorded value by one-half of the smallest measuring unit
of the scale.
Real limits
(frequency data or qualitative data)
Categorical data –
] – not only give rank but also quantify and
compare the size differences
between.
Interval
– observations drawn from the population and
used to infer something about the characteristics of the
population.
Samples
Levels of Measurement of Variables/Scales
nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
– variables that allow for only categorization
into named sets. Individual items belong to some
distinctively different categories, but there is no
quantifying or ranking of items.
Nominal
variable affected by the variations
in the independent variable.
Dependent variable –
– term used to refer to the population
where samples are drawn from.
Sampling frame
– variables that could have an effect
on other variables and the one usually controlled in
research.
Independent variable
– variables which are ranked in order in terms
of which has less and which has more of the quality
represented by the variable, but not how much more.
Ordinal
Since a ___ may have an infinite number
of values between adjacent units on the scale, all
measurements made are approximate.
continuous variable
– variables that have an identifiable absolute ot
true zero point
Ratio
– a formal way of expressing a question as a prediction that can be tested.
Hypothesis
variables that can take on only a
limited number of values. (e.g., gender, high school class)
Discrete variables –
Thus, when the final answer is required to have two
decimal places, you should carry intermediate
calculations to at least ____ decimal places and round the
final answer to two places.
four
refers to whether or not experimental
or research results can be generalized to a real-world
situation.
External validity –
manipulation of variables in research
has led to an observed/desired difference.
Internal validity –
inferring hypotheses or educated
guesses from the sample to the population with the use of
statistical procedures.
Inferential statistics –
– (developed by ____) necessity of
paying close attention to data and examining them in
detail before invoking more technically involved
procedures
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) or Exploratory
Statistics; John Tukey
Independent variables may be either ___,___,___,____
quantitative or
qualitative and discrete or continuous.
statistics primarily aimed at
describing or summarizing data into meaningful
framework.
Descriptive statistics –
– data which are
results of any sort of measurement.
Quantitative data/Measurement Data
Dependent variables are generally, but not always,
____
quantitative and continuous
variables which can assume, at
least in theory, any value between the lowest and highest
points on the scale.
Continuous variables –
Denoted by the greek letter (mu) u
Population
things/observations/constructs that can be
measured, controlled, or manipulated in research and can
take on different values.
Variable/s –
hypothesis that states that there will be
no effect of the independent variable on the dependent
variable.
Null hypothesis –
It is standard practice to carry all intermediate calculations
____decimal places further than will be
reported in the final answer.
to two or more
– measurement taken from the population.
Parameter
– measurements collected from the sample drawn
from the population.
Statistic
Cornerstones of Research
validity, reliability, external validity, internal validity, hypothesis, null hypothesis
In _____ most final values are reported to two or three decimal
places, regardless of the number of significant figures in the
raw data.
Behavioral Sciences
variables that can affect the
outcome of the study, but which are not strictly part of the
study. (have to be controlled in experiments)
Confounding variables –
– measures what is supposed to be measured in
research.
Validity
