Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 203 Alara > L1: Plant Cells, Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

L1: Plant Cells, Tissues and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

If humans still relied on a hunter-gatherer lifestyle for food what would be the approximate maximum global
population?

A

10 million

Explanation: There would be high competition for food (honey, etc.) so there will be less population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The use of plants

A
  1. Primary production (oxygen, harvests)
  2. Secondary metabolism (pharmaceuticals, chemical warfare)
  3. Crops and agriculture (sustainable resources)
  4. Careers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is agriculture and plants important?

A

Agriculture allows humanity to grow exponentially, as the development of crops help feed more people beyond what the hunter gatherer system could survive on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the three organ systems of a plant body.

A
  1. Shoot
  2. Root
  3. Flowers (depends on plant)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the plant body organization consist of?

A

Plants consist of organ systems, organs and tissue types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basic organs of a plant

A
  1. Roots
  2. Stems
  3. Leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the tissue types of plants

A

Meristematic tissue
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue
Dermal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or False: All tissue types are composed of different cell types.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is OneHealth?

A

Project that connects plants, animals and human health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who is Norman Borlaug?

A

Agronomist who increased the yield of crops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the “shoot” consist of?

A

Roots, stems and leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are plants so diverse?

A

The diversity in plant bodies originate from varied gene expression. Gene expression controls anatomy, shape, size, colour, chemical composition, specialized cells, morphology etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or False: Plants have different morhpology for roots and shoots.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does gene expression depend on?

A

Genetics and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True/False: Plants from the same family should have the same morphology.

A

False, depending on gene expression and genetics and environmental factors the morhpology can change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vascular Plants: Diversity from common building blocks

A
  • Systems (Root and Shoot)
  • Organs
  • Tissues
  • Specialized Cells
  • Anatomy, chemical composition etc.
  • Microscopy, Physical Characteristics (Shape, Position, Sub-cellular components),
    Staining.
  • Gene expression and Identity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PLANT ORDER

A

Organs —> Tissues —-> Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the two categories of plant tissues.

A

Permanent and Meristematic Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the subcategories of Permanent Tissues

A

Simple and Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the subcategories of Meristematic Tissues

A

Apical Meristems
Lateral Meristems
Intercalary Meristems

*these are all for growth and development and each meristem has its own function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Meristematic Tissues

A

A plant tissue made up of cells that can divide and develop into different cell types, other plant tissues and organs.

They continue to divide and contribute to plant growth.

Also known as impermanent tissues/undifferentiated

Slight changes as they differentiate into different cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Permanent Tissues

A

Tissues that have become mature and do not have the ability to divide further are called permanent tissues.

Permanent tissues are made up of cells that do not undergo cell division. The cells in these tissues are modified to perform some specific functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are simple tissues?

A

A type of permanent tissue.
These cells consist of one cell type.
They are ground tissue and are photosynthetic, they support storage.
No longer divide.

24
Q

What are complex tissues?

A

A type of permanent tissue.

These consist of more than one type of simple tissue cells.
They are vascular tissue and provide transport. They support guard cells and vascular function.

25
Simple Tissues are:
Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Parenchyma
26
Complex Tissues are:
Xylem Phloem Epidermis
27
What are parenchyma cells?
- They have thin primary cell walls that are usually unlignified and are irregular in shape -Alive in maturity -Contain nucleus, cytoplasm and one or more vacuoles - Contain intracellular spaces due to being unpacked - Some functions are storage of nutrients, local transport, photosynthesis
28
What colour does parenchyma cells stain with Toludine Blue O?
Primary cell wall stains PINK with Toludine Blue O
29
What are vacuoles?
Vacuoles are important organelles in plant cells that are fluid filled sacs. They contain tropoplasts, water and proteins. In mature plant cells, vacuoles tend to be very large and are extremely important in providing structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth. Vacuoles are one of the most important features in plants. They are sack-like and contain a membrane called the tonoplast. They store liquids, water, proteins, and metabolites. The size and function of vacuoles depend on cell types and cell tissues
30
What are collenchyma cells?
-Differentiates from Parenchyma cells -Alive at maturity -Parenchyma cells that have developed hardened corners -Usually unlignified but thickened primary cell walls -Found in celery -Functions are support and protection of vascular bundle -Found in edge of stems, roots and vascular bundle
31
What colour does collenchyma cells stain with Toludine Blue O?
Primary cell wall stains DARK PINK-PURPLE with Toludine Blue O
32
What are sclerenchyma cells?
-Typically dead at maturity -Usually lignified, thickened primary and secondary cell walls -Function is support and protection from microorganisms -Comprised of fibers and sclerieds -Usually forms on the parts of the plant that are done with growing -Protects the xylem
33
What colour does sclerenchyma cells stain with Toludine Blue O?
Cell wall stains BLUE/GREEN with Toludine Blue O due to LIGNIN
34
SIMPLE
GROUND TISSUE
35
COMPLEX
VASCULAR TISSUE
36
What do Xylem and Phloem differentiate from?
Differentiates from meristematic tissue (provascular/procambium) and is able to differentiate to xylem or phloem based on the plant needs
37
What is Xylem?
-Transports the water and minerals from the root to the shoot, important for photosynthesis -Contains many cell types, the composition may change with maturity
38
How does Xylem transport water "up"
Up = from root to shoot Transports using the adhesive/cohesive method
39
What kind of cell types does Xylem have?
-Tracheids -Xylem Vessels (protoxylem, metaxylem) -Xylem parenchyma *tyloses -Xylem Fibers
40
Tracheids and Vessels in Xylem
-Unlignified and alive initially -Highly lignified and dead at maturity -Different cell wall thickenings suggest maturing and function.
41
Tyloses (Parenchyma) & Fibers
-Baloon like -Outgrows from Xylem Parenchyma cells during stress that grow into vessels -Important for defense: no other microorganisms can travel from organ-organ or tissue-tissue -Blocks water transportation for conservation during stress, protects against pathogens -Also responsible for secondary root growth -Develops as a response to threats
42
True/False: Thick trees have thin xylems
False Thick trees have thick xylems
43
What is Phloem?
Functions: Transport fixed carbon (predominantly sugars) and long distance signaling molecules (metabolites) -Transport oxygen and CO2 obtained through photosynthesis from leaves down to shoot and root. -Contains several cell types -Functions using pressure system (gravity) which is different from Xylem
44
Xylem/Phloem Up/Down
Xylem UP Phloem DOWN
45
What are angiosperms?
Angiosperms, are also known as flowering plants and having seeds enclosed within their fruit
46
What are gymnosperms
Gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves
47
Phloem in Angiosperms
Contains: -Sieve elements/sieve tube members -Parenchyma (including companion cells) -Fiber cells
48
Phloem in Gymnosperms
Lack both sieve tube members and companion cells
49
What is Epidermis?
-Epidermis is protective tissue that covers the entire surface of the plant, the most external layer -Plant covered by cuticle made of wax (important for gas exchange) -Protects the plant from biotic and abiotic factors -The epidermis protects the plant from infection and water loss -Regulates the gas exchange in plant cells through shoot -Regulates the secretion of metabolic substances through shoot -Transpiration regulation through shoot -Provides structural strength
50
Vascular bundle elements
Xylem Phloem Procambium
51
Biotic Factors
Biotic factors are living things within an ecosystem; such as plants, animals, and bacteria. Also humans
52
Abiotic Factors
Abiotic are non-living components; such as water, soil, oxygen, sunlight.
53
Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors
One example of ecosystemic interactions is photosynthesis. Where the biotic components (plants) of an ecosystem use the abiotic components( sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, etc.) to produce chemical energy to survive.
54
True or False: The epidermis of a root is the same as the epidermis of leafs
False: The epidermis of the leaf differs from that of the root in terms of structure and function. while the leaf epidermis is adapted for gas exchange with stomata and has a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.
55
Root Epidermis:
Adapted for water and mineral absorption with root hairs
56
Leaf Epidermis
adapted for gas exchange with stomata and has a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.

BIO 203 Alara (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions