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KN-Immunology Block 1 > L1: Overview of the Immune System - Miller > Flashcards

L1: Overview of the Immune System - Miller Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of immunity is slow, variable, has numerous highly selective specificities, and improves during response?

A

Acquired (adaptive) immunity

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2
Q

Which immunity is rapid, fixed, limited in its number of specificities, and constant during response?

A

innate (non-adaptive) immunity

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3
Q

What type of cell gives rise to all other immune system cells? Where is this cell type found?

A

hematopoietic stem cell. Bone marrow

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4
Q

What are the three common progenitor cells that a hematopoietic stem cell can become?

A

common lymphoid progenitor, common myeloid progenitor, common erythroid megakaryocyte progenitor

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5
Q

Which common progenitor cell type gives rise to almost all of the cells of the innate immune response?

A

common myeloid progenitor

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6
Q

What type of cells does the common lymphoid progenitor produce and what types of immunity are they each involved in?

A

B cells and T cells - adaptive (acquired) immunity NK Cell - innate immunity

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7
Q

What type of cell gives rise to platelets?

A

megakaryocytes

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8
Q

What major role do erythrocytes play in the immune response?

A

they clear out immune complexes from the circulation

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9
Q

How are cells of innate immunity different from those of acquired immunity different in general?

A

Innate cells do not have many highly specific receptors on their surface, and instead express PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) that recognize a variety of pathogens Cells of the acquired immune system have highly specific receptors to recognize particular pathogens

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10
Q

What is the most numerous immune cell in the body?

A

neutrophil

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11
Q

What type of granulocyte has receptors to bind IgE antibody molecules?

A

eosinophils

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12
Q

What is the least abundant immune cell?

A

basophil

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13
Q

What are the three granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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14
Q

What type of receptors do mast cells have and what do they do?

A

High affinity IgE receptors that hi-jack IgE molecules from circulation and use them as antigen-specific receptors

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14
Q

What do the granules in mast cells contain?

A

histamine and other inflammatory mediators

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15
Q

Which progenitor do professional antigen presenting cells come from?

A

common myeloid progenitor

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16
Q

What type of antigen presenting cell is the most potent activator of T cells?

A

dendritic cells

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17
Q

What do monocytes become?

A

Monocytes are circulating precursors of the macrophage

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18
Q

What type of immunity are macrophages involved in: Innate or acquired?

A

Both. They have many pattern-recognition receptors that allow it to phagocytose and destroy microorganisms. They are also professional antigen presenting cells and have complement and Fc receptors

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19
Q

What progenitor are natural killer cells derived from?

A

common lymphoid progenitor

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20
Q

How are natural killer cells involved in acquired immune response?

A

Even though they have no antigen-specific receptors, they can recognize when an infected cell has enough antibodies bound to its membrane and will then kill the infected cell. ADCC (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

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21
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes? What are their main roles?

A

B and T cells B cells produce antigen-specific proteins (antibodies) T cells produce signals that direct the action of other cells or are specific effectors of cell-killing

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22
Q

What does a B cell that produces antibodies differentiate into?

A

Plasma cell

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23
Q

What are the two types of cells B cells can differentiate into?

A

memory cells or plasma cells

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24
Q

Why do plasma cells have a very enlarged ER?

A

Their primary role is to produce and export antibodies so ER is very over-developed

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25
Q

What type of immune cell allows the acquired immune response to respond quicker during the second and subsequent infections than it did the first time?

A

B Memory Cells

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26
Q

What are the two primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow and thymus

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27
Q

Where are all of the immune cells initially produced?

A

bone marrow

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28
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

in the Thymus

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29
Q

What is the germinal center?

A

The germinal center are is a site within secondary lymphoid tissue where B-cell and T-cell proliferation is occurring after an immune response. Also the site of somatic hypermutation and class switching

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30
Q

What gets activated first in the germinal center? What happens after?

A

T cells. Helper T-cells then activate the B-cells

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31
Q

What is a Peyer’s patch?

A

the most important and highly organized of the GALT tissues. They have specialized M cells

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32
Q

What is the function of M cells?

A

They sample antigens from the intestinal lumen

33
Q

What mechanism allows generation of the tremendous repertoire of antibody and T cell receptor specificities?

A

Somatic recombination

34
Q

What are the two arms of the acquired immune response?

A

Antibody-mediated immune response T cell mediated immune response

35
Q

Which arm of acquired immune response is more effective for clearance of extracellular pathogens?

A

antibody-mediated

36
Q

Which arm of acquired immune response is more effective for clearance of intracellular pathogens?

A

Tcell mediated

37
Q

What type of cells are MHC class I molecules found on?

A

almost all host cells (most every type)

38
Q

What type of cells are MHC class II molecules found on?

A

Found only on immune cells (APCs)

39
Q

What do MHC molecules do?

A

bind to peptides and present them to T cells

40
Q

Which type of infection are MHC Class I molecules best at clearing: Intracellular or extracellular?

A

intracellular. MHC Class I binds to peptides inside the cell and presents them on the surface to Tc cells (CD8)

41
Q

Are MHC Class II molecules used in intracellular or extracellular infection responses?

A

extracellular. They rely on antigens being taken up by cells then bound to MHC II molecules and presented on surface to Th cells (CD4)

42
Q

Why is the inflammatory response important?

A

It pushes fluid and immune cells towards the infected area. There are other reasons to learn later.

43
Q

Which type of infection are MHC Class I molecules best at clearing: Intracellular or extracellular?

A

intracellular. MHC Class I binds to peptides inside the cell and presents them on the surface to Tc cells

44
Q

Are MHC Class II molecules used in intracellular or extracellular infection responses?

A

extracellular. They rely on antigens being taken up by cells then bound to MHC II molecules and presented on surface to Th cells

45
Q

Why is the inflammatory response important?

A

It pushes fluid and immune cells towards the infected area. There are other reasons to learn later.

46
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells look for before killing a cell?

A

matching MHC I complexes

47
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

change the way other cells work. Can bind to macrophages and boost their performance. Can also activate B cells.

48
Q

What role do cytokines play in innate immunity?

A

They are released when PAMPs are recognized to initiate inflammatory response

49
Q

What is an epitope?

A

AKA antigenic determinant. It is the part of the antigen that the immune system (antibody, B cell or T cell) recognizes

50
Q

What are lymphokines?

A

Lymphokines are released upon encounter with a particular epitope. They supply “help” to other lympcytes and help regulate the activities of innate cells (macrophages, NK cells, neutorphils, etc)

51
Q

What type of immune response are granulocytes prominent in?

A

innate response

52
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

phagocytic cell that helps activate bacteriocidal mechanisms. (has three lobes of nuclei under scope)

53
Q

What is an eosinophil?

A

cell that kills antibody-coated parasites. (bent barbell-like nuceus with granular contents in cytoplasm)

54
Q

What is a basophil?

A

innate response cell of unknown function but it is assumed they are similar to eosinophils and to play a role in controlling immune response to parasites

55
Q

What are macrophages?

A

scavenger cells that have receptors for a variety of structures that are common to infectious agents. Play a role in initiation of acquired immunes response

56
Q

What are dendridic cells?

A

cells that have branched, dendridic morphology and are the most potent stimulators of T cel responses. They take up antigen at the sites of infection and then return to secondary lymphoid tissues and present antigents to naive T cells

57
Q

What are mast cells?

A

granular cells that release histamine and other active agents that are involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions

58
Q

What is a PMN (polymorphonuclear cell)?

A

This is just another name for granulocyte, which encompasses neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They are the only innate immune system cells that don’t play a role in acquired immune response.

59
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

lymphocyte progenitor

60
Q

What is a NK cell (natural killer)?

A

a component of the innate immune response that do not express antigen-specific cell surface receptors. Kills any cell that has a PAMP it recognizes

61
Q

Where are B cells produced are where do they mature?

A

Produced in the bone marrow and mature in the bone marrow. Note: this is not where they are activated.

62
Q

Where are T cells produced and where do they mature?

A

T cells are produced in the bone marrow but travel to the thymus to mature.

63
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Dispose of dead RBCs and collect antigens from the blood.

64
Q

What is the red pulp in the spleen? What is the white pulp?

A

Red pulp is site of RBC disposal. The white pulp is made up of the lymphocytes that surround the arterioles that enter the spleen. It is divided into the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) which contains primarily T cells, and a flanking B cell corona.

65
Q

What are germinal centers?

A

B cell follicles in which B cells are undergoing intense proliferation and following antigenic stimulation with T cell help

66
Q

What are Gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)?

A

tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and Peyer’s patches

67
Q

What are bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?

A

similar to GALT, but protect the respiratory epithelium

68
Q

How does innate immune response trigger acquired response?

A

antigens are taken up by phagocytes and phagocytes trigger release of cytokines which cause inflammatory response. This increases the flow of lymph and antigens towards lymphoid organs to present to T cells.

69
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

B cells receptor binds to its cognate antigen and endocytoses it, breaks it up and presents the antigen to an antigen-specific T helper cell.

70
Q

How are T cells activated?

A

T cells recognize peptide fragments of antigens that are presented by antigen presenting cells (macrophages, dendridic cells or B cells). When they find one they bind to it and then the antigen-presenting cell also sends a co-stimulation signal.

71
Q

What are the types of professional antigen-presenting cells?

A

Dendridic cells, macrophages, B cells.

Each is able to take up antigen, process it into fragments, then present it on their surface to T cells using MHC class I or MHC class II molecules.

72
Q

What do neutralization antibodies do?

A

neutralize pathogen-produced toxins and even some pathogens

73
Q

What are opsonization antibodies?

A

antibodies that coat antigens or pathogens to facilitate uptake of the antigen by phagocytes or NK cells

74
Q

What are complement activation antibodies?

A

antibodies that, when bound to an antigen, serve as a receptor for the 1st component fo the classic complement system. They “fix complement” which aids in destruction of antigen or pathogen.

75
Q

What do antibodies activate?

A

NK cells (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity ADCC)

and mast cells

76
Q

What are the two primary polulations of T cells and what class MHC molecule does each bind to?

A

CD4 and CD8.

CD4 responds to Class II MHC

CD8 responds to Class I MHC

77
Q

What happens when a CD8 T cell is activated?

A

When a CD8 T cell is activated by an antigen on a Class I MHC, it proliferates and differentiates into armed effector CD8 T cells (AKA cytotoxic T lymphocytes or killer T cells)

78
Q

What happens when a CD4 T cell is activated?

A

When a CD4 T cell is activated by a Class II MHC, it proliferates and differentiates into armed effector T cells (AKA helper T cells) that secrete cytokines which modulate activity of other immune cells. They also differentiate into either TH1 or TH2 cells.

79
Q

What do T helper 1 cells do?

A

supply cytokine signals to macrophages that upregulate various activites of the macrophage which increaes its ability to kill ingested bacteria and more efficiently present peptide antigens. They also help in B cell activation and secrete cytokines that stimulate B cells to produce more antibodies. MOST EFFECTIVE FOR INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS

80
Q

What do T helper 2 cells do?

A

Primary role in eliminating extracellular pathogens. promotes Ab-mediated immune responses by activated B cells and supplying cytokine signals that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies for neutralization and complement fixation.

KN-Immunology Block 1 (12 decks)

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