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Immunology Exam 1 > L1: Overview of Immune Responses > Flashcards

L1: Overview of Immune Responses Flashcards

1
Q

define immunity

A

set of cooperative defense mechanisms which provide protection from various infectious diseases

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2
Q

define immunopathology

A

an immune response against microbes can cause tissue injury

aka collateral damage

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3
Q

define antigens

A

non-infectious foreign substances that can elicit an immune response

can also be called immunogens

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4
Q

define antibodies

A

a protein produced by the immune system when it detects antigens

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5
Q

define epitope

A

also called antigenic determination

a portion of an ag molecule to which an antibody binds

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6
Q

list properties of adaptive immunity

A 
specific
diversity
memory
clonal expansion
specialization
contraction - homeostasis
nonreactivity to self
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7
Q

T cell receptors recognize

A

linear amino acid sequences

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8
Q

all immunogens are Ags but not

A

all Ags are immunogens

some very small ags = haptens, can bind abs but don’t elicit an immune response

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9
Q

innate system overview

A 
first line of defense against infection
works rapidly
gives rise to an acute inflammation
has some specificity for Ag that is pre-existing
has no memory
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10
Q

adaptive system overview

A 
slower
takes longer to develop
highly specific
shows memory -- remembers ags that have  been encountered
and works faster when it is a known ag
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11
Q

components of innate immunity

A

phagocytes, NK cells – cellular immunity

blood components – humoral immunity

cellular and chemical barriers (skin, mucous)

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12
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A

small peptides which target pathogenic microorganisms ranging from viruses to parasites

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13
Q

complement system

A

sys. of plasma proteins that enhance the ability of abs and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from host

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14
Q

acute phase proteins

A

APPs
large group of blood proteins whose plasma conc. changes in response to tissue injury, acute infections, burns or inflammation

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15
Q

cytokines

A

cell signaling molecules that aid in cell to cell communication in immune response

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16
Q

chemokines

A

a subfamily of cytokines
secreted by immune cells to induce chemotaxis
mvt of nearby cells

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17
Q

phagocytes

A

immune cells that have the ability to ingest and digest microbes

includes neutrophils and macrophages

activated phagocytes secret cytokines to promote immune responses

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18
Q

components of adaptive immunity

A

cell/chemical barriers

blood proteins – abs, cytokines

cells – b and t lymphocytes

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19
Q

_____ immune system is the decision maker

A

innate

eval the invader and then provides instructions for the adaptive system

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20
Q

functions of cytokines

A

regulate growth and differentiation

activate the effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes

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21
Q

most innate cells are in _____ and ______ when ag is contacted. list the cells

A

in blood, deployed upon contact

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
mast cell
monocyte -- macrophage
dendritic cells 
NK cells
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22
Q

steps in functional responses of phagocytes

A
  1. recruitment of cells to site
  2. recognition and activation by microbes
  3. ingestion by phagocytosis
  4. destruction of ingested microbes
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23
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

neutrophils — poly lobed nucleus
most abundant wbc in blood
thus mediates earliest phases of inflammation

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24
Q

neutrophil production

A 
produced in bone marrow 
arise via G-CSF factor
produced every day
circulate in blood few hours
enter tissue for 1-2 days then die
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25
M-theta
resident tissue macrophages monocytes residing in tissue
26
monocyte production
arise in bone marrow | driven by M-CSF factor
27
resident macrophages
heterogeneous population of immune cells that fulfill tissue-specific and niche-specific functions functions: homeostasis, immune surveillance of tissues, response to infection, resolution of inflammation
28
dendritic cells are of _____ immunity
innate
29
dendritic cell comprise a diverse group of professional ______ cells.
APCs | prof. antigen presenting cells
30
dendritic cells are potent stimulators of ? to induce ?
of T cells | induce adaptive immunity
31
dendritic cells are broadly divided into ?
myeloid - mDCs plasmacytoid - pDCs
32
mDCs are derived from ? and differentiated from peripheral ?
monocytes peripheral blood mononuclear cells
33
Langerhan's cells are a subpopulation of what type of cell, residing where?
DCs epidermis
34
these cells play roles in innate and adaptive immune responses
mast cells
35
mast cell function
protect against helminthes and reactions that cause allergic diseases
36
mast cells share what common feature with various inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators?
cytoplasmic granules
37
mast cell location
common at sites in the body that are exposed to external environments such as skin in these locations they are found in close proximity to BVs
38
what does mast cell location allow them to do ?
can regulate vascular permeability and effector cell recruitment can modulate activity by releasing mediators
39
what are the two types of adaptive immunity
humoral and cellular immunity
40
interactions between what cells are critical to the development of specific immunity?
between T and B cells and between T cells and APCs
41
maturation of T cells
occurs in thymus when a mature T cell is ag stimulated it gives rise to cellular immunity
42
maturation of B cells
occurs in bone marrow gives rise to humoral immunity
43
what is humoral immunity
immunity that involves production of soluble molecules - immunoglobulins
44
what mediates humoral immunity
by abs in the blood and mucosal secretions which are produced by B cells
45
function of Abs
recognize Ags neutralize the infectivity of microbes target microbes for elimination thus effectors principal defense for extracell microbes
46
what controls cellular immunity
by responses of T cells
47
cellular immunity function
mediates host defense against intracellular microbes such as viruses and bacteria - where they are inaccessible to abs cmi functions to kill the infected host cells
48
T helper cells
help b cells to make effective abs
49
b cells secrete ?
abs | to prevent infections and eliminate extracell microbes
50
in cellular immunity T helper cells activate ? to do what ?
resident macrophages to kill phagocytized microbes or cytotoxic t cells to directly destroy infected cells
51
adaptive - specificity
ensures that the immune response to a microbe is selective to that microbe
52
adaptive - diversity
enables the immune sys to respond to a large variety of ags
53
adaptive - memory
increases the ability to combat repeat infections by the same microbe
54
adaptive - clonal expansion
increases the number of ag specific lymphocytes to keep pace w/ microbes
55
adaptive - specialization
generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes
56
adaptive - contraction and homeostasis
allows the immune sys to recover from one response so that it can effectively respond to a newly encountered ag
57
adaptive - nonreactivity to self
prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign ags
58
clonal selection hypothesis
ag-specific clones of lymphocytes develop before and independent of exposure to ag
59
post elimination of microbe, a few activated lymphocytes will become ? for memory
become ag-specific memory cells which can survive for years memory cells are more effective in combat than naïve cells
60
memory cells are more _____ than naïve cells. and will respond ______ and more _______.
numerous faster effectively
61
define active immunity
conferred by a host in response to a microbe or microbial ag
62
define passive immunity
is conferred by adoptive transfer of abs or t cells specific for the microbe
63
only _____ immune responses generate immunologic memory
active
64
B lymphocytes
recognize soluble ags and develop into ab secreting cells
65
t helper lymphocytes
recognize ags on surfaces of APCs | secrete cytokines to stim dif. mechanisms of immunity and inflammation
66
cytotoxic t lymphocytes
recognize ags on infected cells and kill these cells
67
regulatory t cells
suppress and prevent immune response ex. to self

Immunology Exam 1 (8 decks)

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