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Immunology Exam 1 > L1: Overview of Immune Responses > Flashcards

L1: Overview of Immune Responses Flashcards

1
Q

define immunity

A

set of cooperative defense mechanisms which provide protection from various infectious diseases

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2
Q

define immunopathology

A

an immune response against microbes can cause tissue injury

aka collateral damage

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3
Q

define antigens

A

non-infectious foreign substances that can elicit an immune response

can also be called immunogens

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4
Q

define antibodies

A

a protein produced by the immune system when it detects antigens

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5
Q

define epitope

A

also called antigenic determination

a portion of an ag molecule to which an antibody binds

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6
Q

list properties of adaptive immunity

A 
specific
diversity
memory
clonal expansion
specialization
contraction - homeostasis
nonreactivity to self
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7
Q

T cell receptors recognize

A

linear amino acid sequences

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8
Q

all immunogens are Ags but not

A

all Ags are immunogens

some very small ags = haptens, can bind abs but don’t elicit an immune response

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9
Q

innate system overview

A 
first line of defense against infection
works rapidly
gives rise to an acute inflammation
has some specificity for Ag that is pre-existing
has no memory
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10
Q

adaptive system overview

A 
slower
takes longer to develop
highly specific
shows memory -- remembers ags that have  been encountered
and works faster when it is a known ag
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11
Q

components of innate immunity

A

phagocytes, NK cells – cellular immunity

blood components – humoral immunity

cellular and chemical barriers (skin, mucous)

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12
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A

small peptides which target pathogenic microorganisms ranging from viruses to parasites

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13
Q

complement system

A

sys. of plasma proteins that enhance the ability of abs and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from host

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14
Q

acute phase proteins

A

APPs
large group of blood proteins whose plasma conc. changes in response to tissue injury, acute infections, burns or inflammation

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15
Q

cytokines

A

cell signaling molecules that aid in cell to cell communication in immune response

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16
Q

chemokines

A

a subfamily of cytokines
secreted by immune cells to induce chemotaxis
mvt of nearby cells

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17
Q

phagocytes

A

immune cells that have the ability to ingest and digest microbes

includes neutrophils and macrophages

activated phagocytes secret cytokines to promote immune responses

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18
Q

components of adaptive immunity

A

cell/chemical barriers

blood proteins – abs, cytokines

cells – b and t lymphocytes

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19
Q

_____ immune system is the decision maker

A

innate

eval the invader and then provides instructions for the adaptive system

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20
Q

functions of cytokines

A

regulate growth and differentiation

activate the effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes

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21
Q

most innate cells are in _____ and ______ when ag is contacted. list the cells

A

in blood, deployed upon contact

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
mast cell
monocyte -- macrophage
dendritic cells 
NK cells
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22
Q

steps in functional responses of phagocytes

A
  1. recruitment of cells to site
  2. recognition and activation by microbes
  3. ingestion by phagocytosis
  4. destruction of ingested microbes
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23
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

neutrophils — poly lobed nucleus
most abundant wbc in blood
thus mediates earliest phases of inflammation

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24
Q

neutrophil production

A 
produced in bone marrow 
arise via G-CSF factor
produced every day
circulate in blood few hours
enter tissue for 1-2 days then die
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25
Q

M-theta

A

resident tissue macrophages

monocytes residing in tissue

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26
Q

monocyte production

A

arise in bone marrow

driven by M-CSF factor

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27
Q

resident macrophages

A

heterogeneous population of immune cells that fulfill tissue-specific and niche-specific functions

functions: homeostasis, immune surveillance of tissues, response to infection, resolution of inflammation

28
Q

dendritic cells are of _____ immunity

A

innate

29
Q

dendritic cell comprise a diverse group of professional ______ cells.

A

APCs

prof. antigen presenting cells

30
Q

dendritic cells are potent stimulators of ? to induce ?

A

of T cells

induce adaptive immunity

31
Q

dendritic cells are broadly divided into ?

A

myeloid - mDCs

plasmacytoid - pDCs

32
Q

mDCs are derived from ? and differentiated from peripheral ?

A

monocytes

peripheral blood mononuclear cells

33
Q

Langerhan’s cells are a subpopulation of what type of cell, residing where?

A

DCs

epidermis

34
Q

these cells play roles in innate and adaptive immune responses

A

mast cells

35
Q

mast cell function

A

protect against helminthes and reactions that cause allergic diseases

36
Q

mast cells share what common feature with various inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators?

A

cytoplasmic granules

37
Q

mast cell location

A

common at sites in the body that are exposed to external environments

such as skin

in these locations they are found in close proximity to BVs

38
Q

what does mast cell location allow them to do ?

A

can regulate vascular permeability and effector cell recruitment

can modulate activity by releasing mediators

39
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immunity

A

humoral and cellular immunity

40
Q

interactions between what cells are critical to the development of specific immunity?

A

between T and B cells
and
between T cells and APCs

41
Q

maturation of T cells

A

occurs in thymus

when a mature T cell is ag stimulated it gives rise to cellular immunity

42
Q

maturation of B cells

A

occurs in bone marrow

gives rise to humoral immunity

43
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

immunity that involves production of soluble molecules - immunoglobulins

44
Q

what mediates humoral immunity

A

by abs in the blood and mucosal secretions

which are produced by B cells

45
Q

function of Abs

A

recognize Ags
neutralize the infectivity of microbes
target microbes for elimination thus effectors

principal defense for extracell microbes

46
Q

what controls cellular immunity

A

by responses of T cells

47
Q

cellular immunity function

A

mediates host defense against intracellular microbes

such as viruses and bacteria - where they are inaccessible to abs

cmi functions to kill the infected host cells

48
Q

T helper cells

A

help b cells to make effective abs

49
Q

b cells secrete ?

A

abs

to prevent infections and eliminate extracell microbes

50
Q

in cellular immunity T helper cells activate ? to do what ?

A

resident macrophages

to kill phagocytized microbes or cytotoxic t cells to directly destroy infected cells

51
Q

adaptive - specificity

A

ensures that the immune response to a microbe is selective to that microbe

52
Q

adaptive - diversity

A

enables the immune sys to respond to a large variety of ags

53
Q

adaptive - memory

A

increases the ability to combat repeat infections by the same microbe

54
Q

adaptive - clonal expansion

A

increases the number of ag specific lymphocytes to keep pace w/ microbes

55
Q

adaptive - specialization

A

generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes

56
Q

adaptive - contraction and homeostasis

A

allows the immune sys to recover from one response so that it can effectively respond to a newly encountered ag

57
Q

adaptive - nonreactivity to self

A

prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign ags

58
Q

clonal selection hypothesis

A

ag-specific clones of lymphocytes develop before and independent of exposure to ag

59
Q

post elimination of microbe, a few activated lymphocytes will become ? for memory

A

become ag-specific memory cells

which can survive for years

memory cells are more effective in combat than naïve cells

60
Q

memory cells are more _____ than naïve cells. and will respond ______ and more _______.

A

numerous
faster
effectively

61
Q

define active immunity

A

conferred by a host in response to a microbe or microbial ag

62
Q

define passive immunity

A

is conferred by adoptive transfer of abs or t cells specific for the microbe

63
Q

only _____ immune responses generate immunologic memory

A

active

64
Q

B lymphocytes

A

recognize soluble ags and develop into ab secreting cells

65
Q

t helper lymphocytes

A

recognize ags on surfaces of APCs

secrete cytokines to stim dif. mechanisms of immunity and inflammation

66
Q

cytotoxic t lymphocytes

A

recognize ags on infected cells and kill these cells

67
Q

regulatory t cells

A

suppress and prevent immune response

ex. to self

Immunology Exam 1 (8 decks)

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