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Block 4 Muskuloskeletal > L1. Musculoskeletal Intro > Flashcards

L1. Musculoskeletal Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Why are there lumps and bumbs on long bones?

A

It is where muscles attach.

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2
Q

Name the long bones

A

Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Diaphysis

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3
Q

What is a sesamoid bone? Name one and state their benefits

A

Bones found within tendons such as the PATELLA. They reduce wear and tear and improve muscle efficiency.

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4
Q

Name and state the function of flat bones:

A

Scapula. They have a large surface area for muscles to attach and provide protection.

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5
Q

What does Wolffs law explain:

A

The more a bone is used, the stronger it becomes! The less a bone is used, the bone density decreases.

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6
Q

Name parts of the Axial skeleton:

A 
Skull. 
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
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7
Q

What is the name of the attaching skeleton and what does it include?

A

Appendicular Skeleton : Hip bones. Pectoral girdle. Limbs

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8
Q

When do the limbs begin to develop?

A

Weeks 4/5. Apoptosis creates digits

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9
Q 
Limb abnormalities:
Amelia-
Meromelia
Phocomelia
Polydactyly
Syndactly
A 
Amelia- No limb development
Meromelia - Partial Limb development
Phocomelia - Partial hand development (flipper)
Polydactyly - Additional Development
Syndactly - Webbing/joining of digits
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10
Q

Causes of Limb abnormalities:

A

Teratogenic - eg Thalidomide. Retinoids
Genetic
Mechanical - Eg amniotic fluid bands wrapping around limb in utero.

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11
Q

Upper limb Movement or Strength +/-?

A

Movement ++
Strength -
Range of movement instead of strength.

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12
Q

Lower limb movement or strength +/-?

A

Movement -

Strength ++

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13
Q

Functions of:
Upper limb
Lower limb

A

Upper limb: Fine motor movements, Feeding, Carriage.

Lower limb: Support body weight, Locomotion, shock absorption, maintain posture.

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14
Q

Name the bone types of upper and lower limbs

A

Girdle
Single long bone
Paired long bones
Short and long bones

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15
Q

Name the type of joints in the upper limb

A 
Ball and Socket
Hinge
Pivot
Pivot
Mixed
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16
Q

Types of FIBROUS joints and examples of where they are found

A

Sutures - skull
Gomphosis - Teeth
Syndemosis fibrous sheet of tissue between long bones to keep them in close proximity.

17
Q

Types of CARTILAGINOUS joints and where they are found

A

Epiphysis - growth plate
Synovial
Symphysis - disks that join vertebra and pubic symphysis.

18
Q

State the stability and mobility of :
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous
Synovial

A

Fibrous: Stability ++ Mobility -
Cartilaginous: Mobility + Stability++
Synovial: Mobility +++ Stability -/+ (less stable)

19
Q

What type of joint are synovial joints?

A

Cartilaginous

20
Q

Describe the structure of synovial joints

A

Hyaline cartilage at the end of 2 bones. Covered in a capsule/ligament that protects it. The SYNOVIUM is a serous membrane within the capsule that secretes synovial fluid

21
Q

Increasing the area of contact between joints …

eg in the deep socket of the hip ball and socket

A

Increases stability but decrease mobility

22
Q

Decreasing the area of contact of a joint… (eg in the shallow socket of shoulder hip and socket)

A

Decreases stability but increases mobility

23
Q

What is a GIRDLE (eg pelvic/pectoral girdle)?

A

A bone that attaches the axial skeleton to a limb

24
Q

What is the one bone to bone that attaches to the pectoral girdle

A

The Clavicle. It attaches to the girdle and manubrium of sternum.

25
Q

What kind of injury can fracture a clavicle?

A

Falling onto an outstretched hand transmits force through the limb and to the clavicle.

26
Q

What kind of injury can fracture a scapula?

A

It is uncommon, but high impact blunt force trauma such as a RTI

27
Q

Name a function of the pelvic girdle?

A

It transmits force from the vertebrae into the lower limb and vice versa.
Enables locomotion and standing
Weight distribution

28
Q

Why is a gymnast more prone to dislocations?

A

They stretch their muscles and ligaments more which means there is less support fr the bones as they are stretched and this weakens the support for the bones/joints

29
Q

What are Bursae?

A

Pockets of synovium and synovial fluid found around joints that undergo friction and wear - such as patella and elbow

30
Q

What is inflammation of the Bursae known as?

A

Bursitis

31
Q

What are Synovial sheaths? What is the condition called when these are inflamed?

A

Synovial sheaths cover tendons at points of friction/wear and tea - such as in the hands/phalanges.
Synovitis= inflamed synovial sheaths

32
Q

Name the plexus for the upper limb:

A

Brachial Plexs

33
Q

Explain/draw nerves providing dermatomal innervation

A

C5 comes from spine and can split. It innervates an area of skin. C6 also innervates an area of skin.

34
Q

Cutaneous nerve supply - explain/draw

A

C5 comes from spine. One branch supplies an area, but another branch splits off and joins a branch of C6 spinal nerve and also C7 branch. his makes a mixed nerve of nerve Y for example which provides innervation for an area of skin.

35
Q

What wraps around the muscles and everything in the limbs? What does this do?

A

Deep Fascia. It compartmentalises the limb.

36
Q

What are the main functions of the anterior and posterior compartment of limb

A

Anterior compartment = flexor function

Posterior compartment = Extensor function.

37
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Increased pressure in the compartments can cut off blood supply to that compartment. Medical Emergency which is treated by cutting open the fascia and releasing pressure.

38
Q

Upper limb Arterial supply from Proximal to distal?

A 
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Ulna artery and radial artery
Palmer arches

Block 4 Muskuloskeletal (2 decks)

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