L1. Musculoskeletal Intro Flashcards
Why are there lumps and bumbs on long bones?
It is where muscles attach.
Name the long bones
Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Diaphysis
What is a sesamoid bone? Name one and state their benefits
Bones found within tendons such as the PATELLA. They reduce wear and tear and improve muscle efficiency.
Name and state the function of flat bones:
Scapula. They have a large surface area for muscles to attach and provide protection.
What does Wolffs law explain:
The more a bone is used, the stronger it becomes! The less a bone is used, the bone density decreases.
Name parts of the Axial skeleton:
Skull. Ribs Sternum Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx
What is the name of the attaching skeleton and what does it include?
Appendicular Skeleton : Hip bones. Pectoral girdle. Limbs
When do the limbs begin to develop?
Weeks 4/5. Apoptosis creates digits
Limb abnormalities: Amelia- Meromelia Phocomelia Polydactyly Syndactly
Amelia- No limb development Meromelia - Partial Limb development Phocomelia - Partial hand development (flipper) Polydactyly - Additional Development Syndactly - Webbing/joining of digits
Causes of Limb abnormalities:
Teratogenic - eg Thalidomide. Retinoids
Genetic
Mechanical - Eg amniotic fluid bands wrapping around limb in utero.
Upper limb Movement or Strength +/-?
Movement ++
Strength -
Range of movement instead of strength.
Lower limb movement or strength +/-?
Movement -
Strength ++
Functions of:
Upper limb
Lower limb
Upper limb: Fine motor movements, Feeding, Carriage.
Lower limb: Support body weight, Locomotion, shock absorption, maintain posture.
Name the bone types of upper and lower limbs
Girdle
Single long bone
Paired long bones
Short and long bones
Name the type of joints in the upper limb
Ball and Socket Hinge Pivot Pivot Mixed
Types of FIBROUS joints and examples of where they are found
Sutures - skull
Gomphosis - Teeth
Syndemosis fibrous sheet of tissue between long bones to keep them in close proximity.
Types of CARTILAGINOUS joints and where they are found
Epiphysis - growth plate
Synovial
Symphysis - disks that join vertebra and pubic symphysis.
State the stability and mobility of :
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous: Stability ++ Mobility -
Cartilaginous: Mobility + Stability++
Synovial: Mobility +++ Stability -/+ (less stable)
What type of joint are synovial joints?
Cartilaginous
Describe the structure of synovial joints
Hyaline cartilage at the end of 2 bones. Covered in a capsule/ligament that protects it. The SYNOVIUM is a serous membrane within the capsule that secretes synovial fluid
Increasing the area of contact between joints …
eg in the deep socket of the hip ball and socket
Increases stability but decrease mobility
Decreasing the area of contact of a joint… (eg in the shallow socket of shoulder hip and socket)
Decreases stability but increases mobility
What is a GIRDLE (eg pelvic/pectoral girdle)?
A bone that attaches the axial skeleton to a limb
What is the one bone to bone that attaches to the pectoral girdle
The Clavicle. It attaches to the girdle and manubrium of sternum.
What kind of injury can fracture a clavicle?
Falling onto an outstretched hand transmits force through the limb and to the clavicle.
What kind of injury can fracture a scapula?
It is uncommon, but high impact blunt force trauma such as a RTI
Name a function of the pelvic girdle?
It transmits force from the vertebrae into the lower limb and vice versa.
Enables locomotion and standing
Weight distribution
Why is a gymnast more prone to dislocations?
They stretch their muscles and ligaments more which means there is less support fr the bones as they are stretched and this weakens the support for the bones/joints
What are Bursae?
Pockets of synovium and synovial fluid found around joints that undergo friction and wear - such as patella and elbow
What is inflammation of the Bursae known as?
Bursitis
What are Synovial sheaths? What is the condition called when these are inflamed?
Synovial sheaths cover tendons at points of friction/wear and tea - such as in the hands/phalanges.
Synovitis= inflamed synovial sheaths
Name the plexus for the upper limb:
Brachial Plexs
Explain/draw nerves providing dermatomal innervation
C5 comes from spine and can split. It innervates an area of skin. C6 also innervates an area of skin.
Cutaneous nerve supply - explain/draw
C5 comes from spine. One branch supplies an area, but another branch splits off and joins a branch of C6 spinal nerve and also C7 branch. his makes a mixed nerve of nerve Y for example which provides innervation for an area of skin.
What wraps around the muscles and everything in the limbs? What does this do?
Deep Fascia. It compartmentalises the limb.
What are the main functions of the anterior and posterior compartment of limb
Anterior compartment = flexor function
Posterior compartment = Extensor function.
What is compartment syndrome?
Increased pressure in the compartments can cut off blood supply to that compartment. Medical Emergency which is treated by cutting open the fascia and releasing pressure.
Upper limb Arterial supply from Proximal to distal?
Subclavian artery Axillary artery Brachial artery Ulna artery and radial artery Palmer arches
