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Micro - Block 2 > L1 - Microbiome > Flashcards

L1 - Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiome

A

The ecological community that shares our body

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2
Q

Microbiota

A

the microbes comprising the microbiome

(i. e., microflora)
- Bacteria
- Bacteriophages
- Viruses
- Fungi/yeasts

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3
Q

Dysbiosis

A

alteration of the relative abundance of all or part of the microbiota

number one cause of dysbiosis → antibiotics

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4
Q

Specialized plant carbohydrates that are thought to be growth substrates for the bacteria in the microbiome

A

Prebiotics

  • substances that induce the growth or activity of the bacteria in the microbiome (aka probiotics)

(plant-derived carbohydrates)

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5
Q

What are the microorganisms called that are believed to have health benefits when consumed?

A

Probiotics

(bacterial cultures)

  • live cultures of organisms that can be found in yogurt
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6
Q

These are the microbes that are permanent residents of a given non-sterile body site (i.e. normal flora, microflora)

A

Commensal

  • good microbes
  • does not cause disease
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7
Q

a microbe that is capable of causing disease

A

Pathogen

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8
Q

What kind of pathogen is a Pseudomonas?

A

Opportunistic pathogens

An organism that does not cause disease in healthy immunocompetent individuals but can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals

(can be normal flora)

  • Cause disease under certain circumstances
  • when relocated it can become a pathogen (ex: UTI)
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9
Q

What do we call it when the microbiome is established early in life and modified by diet, environment, and infectious diseases?

A

Signature of Microbiome

developed by age 2

It will affect how:

much a person weighs

how they behave

their development

and health in many different physiological systems

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10
Q

What’s the difference between Commensal vs Pathogens?

A

commensals –> recognized and tolerated by IS

virulent pathogens –> attacked by IS

The immune system is shaped by early life exposures to microbial life

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11
Q

True or False

Early exposure, when babies are born, will shape their Immune response

A

True

gram (-) of bacteria plays an important role in activating immune response

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12
Q

What are the Commensal Functions?

A
  • Play a role in activating IR
  • Necessary for basic development and regulation of IR
  • Bacteria produce key metabolites - (vitamins)
  • Bacteria produce amino acids (eg; tryptophan) that can affect levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters
  • Bacteria have different “metabolic rates”

–> some are more or less efficient

–> can result in obesity

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13
Q
  • Contain polysaccharide-digesting enzymes that are not present in the human genome
  • Dietary polysaccharides are degraded in the gut by bacteria
  • Colonize GI tract & inhibit growth and penetration of pathogens
  • Make vitamins
  • Tolerize the immune system
A

Commensals

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14
Q

Name some diseases influenced by the Gut Microbiome

A

Obesity

Autoimmune disease

Allergy

ASD

Depression

Anxiety

GI disease

Heart disease

Infection

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15
Q

Where does the microbiome come from?

A

Intrauterine exposure (the placenta microbiome)

Birth canal (no exposure by C-section)

Shaped by diet - Orally by breast milk

Skin to skin contact

Signature microbiome established by age 2

–> By age 2 >3,000 different taxonomic groups (bacteria)

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16
Q

True or False

Babies born by C-section have normal microbiome exposure like vaginal birth babies

A

False

they have no exposure by C-section

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17
Q

For every cell in your body there are how many bacterial cells?

  1. 1
  2. 0

10

1,000

A

10 to 100

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18
Q

What does your microbiome consist of?

A

bacteria

eukaryotic cells

endogenous viruses

and bacteriophage

  • Your microbiome is not inert
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19
Q

Overall genetic composition, only comes from you

A

70%

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20
Q

The microbiome in the GI tract can be disturbed by:

That can result in diseases caused by:

A

Infection with aggressive rapid growing pathogens

(ex: cholera)

Antibiotic treatment

(kills good and bad bacteria)

Diet changes

–> Dysbiosis

–> Infection with dominant pathogen

21
Q

What is Clostridium difficile (C Diff)?

Where does it come from?

A

disruption of normal healthy bacteria in the colon

–> small % of people have Normal flora

C diff can result from

–> antibiotics

C. difficile can also be transmitted from person to person by:

–> Gram + spore-forming bacillus

How can you get it?

Fecal-oral transmission through contaminated environment and hands of healthcare personnel

22
Q

What can C diff cause?

How are risk factors?

A

Can cause:

  • Pseudomembranous colitis

(inflammation to the colon)

  • toxic megacolon
  • sepsis
  • death

Risk factors:

Antimicrobial exposure –> major risk factor for disease Can cause dysbiosis:

Suppression of normal flora of the colon

Acquisition and growth of C. difficile (takes over and grows)

23
Q

What are the antibiotics that tend to result in dysbiosis that will allow for CDiff?

A

Clindamycin

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

→ antibiotics increase it not suppress it

24
Q

Which one of the following is the most effective way to treat antibiotic-associated colitis?

Alternate antibiotics

Fecal transplant

Probiotics

Rehydration

Yogurt

A

Fecal transplant

25
Q

What is the relation between obesity and the microbiome?

A

Good bacteria (poor converters) promotes lean

  • Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides)

Bad bacteria (efficient converters) promotes obese

  • everything you eat gets converted into calories
  • Firmicutes

(Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Mycoplasma, Clostridium, Streptococcus)

26
Q

How does the microbiome affect the energy harvest?

A

Gut microbiota affects

  • energy harvest/conversion

Obese –> Gut microbiota is disturbed

Transferred through fecal transplants

  • Effects of diet on the gut microbiome
  • Gut microbiota regulates host metabolic genes
27
Q

Which one of the following microbes is likely to predominate in the microbiome from an obese person?

Bacterium, good energy harvester

Bacterium, poor energy harvester

Pathogenic bacterium

Yeast

A

Bacterium, good energy harvester

28
Q

Bacterium, good energy harvester –>

Bacterium, poor energy harvester –>

A
  • the most efficient energy harvest from substrates by bacteria will lead to weight gain
  • will not process substrates to yield more calories

(pathogens and yeast not linked to obesity)

29
Q

What roles do microbes have in metabolism?

A

Synthesize essential amino acids and vitamins

Process indigestible components (e.g. plant polysaccharides)

Can regulate host metabolic genes

30
Q

When the microbiota regulates host metabolic genes

What is the result of the normal microbiota vs the dysbiosis (altered) microbiota?

A

Plant polysaccharides → normal microbiota → SCFA signal → bind to GPCR 41 and GPCR 43 → results in energy balance

Dysbiosis microbiome → no signal = SCFA not produced → insulin resistant

obesity

metabolic syndrome

31
Q

Normal Metabolic process vs Disrupted Metabolic process

A

Fermentation →

Signal for protein G3PCR 41 and 43 for normal homeostasis and metabolic function

When it’s disrupted →

you don’t have homeostasis and that can lead to type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome

32
Q

What is the “Leaky Gut” Syndrome?

A

–> Result of microbes in the GI tract affecting the integrity of the intestinal barrier in the epithelial cells in the intestinal tract, breaking them apart, loosening the tight junctions so compounds can escape GI tract

Damage to intestinal wall mediated by diet infection and drugs results in escape of:

  • toxins
  • microbes
  • undigested food

Thought by some to because of a range of chronic diseases including:

  • diabetes
  • lupus
  • multiple sclerosis
  • migraines
  • autism
33
Q

If dysbiosis, inflammation, and leaky gut can occur resulting in:

A

→ Toxins, organism, undigested food, medications, metabolites, can leak out

IR produces potential widespread effects

  • can cross the blood-brain barrier and result in neurological effects:

diabetes

asthma

lupus

multiple sclerosis

depression

anxiety, autism

34
Q

What is the relationship between Autism spectrum disorders and the GI

A
  • ASD patients often have GI sypmtoms

Certain bacteria are over-represented in ASD gut microbiome

Clinical improvement has been reported in ASD patients who

  • Developed fever
  • Given antibiotics
  • Ingest probiotics
35
Q

Normal flora is found in all but?

Genitourinary

Oral Cavity

Optic Cavity

Nares

A

Optic Cavity

36
Q

True or False

Fungi are not part of our microbiome.

A

False

  • Bacteria
  • Bacteriophages
  • Viruses
  • Fungi/yeasts

Are all part of microbiome

37
Q

To enhance the growth of the good bacteria in your gut microbiome, what would you eat?

Yogurt

Fiber

Probiotic Pills

Poopsicles

A

Fiber

Remember: induced growth is by prebiotics

38
Q

The main cause of dysbiosis is?

Diet Change

Prebiotics

Probiotics

Antibiotics

A

Antibiotics

39
Q

Clostridium species would classify as what?

Good bacteria - poor harvest

Good bacteria - efficient harvester

Bad bacteria - poor harvester

Bad bacteria - efficient harvest

A

Bad bacteria - efficient harvest

40
Q
A
41
Q

What are some examples of Commensals?

A

E. Coli

Pseudomonas –> can cause UTI

42
Q

How much gut bacteria can an individual have?

A

Over 1,000 species

160 species/individual

>99% of gut microbiome

Makes up:

2-3 lbs of microbes in the human body

43
Q

Name the good vs bad bacteria in body

A

Harmful Bacteria

Clostridia

–> production of entertoxins

Good Bacteria

Lactobacillus

Bifidobacterium

Campylobacteriojejum

44
Q

Good bacteria –> (poor converters) –> lean

Bad bacteria (efficient converters) –> obese

A

Good bacteria/poor convertors

will not break down everything and thus will not absorb all the glucose

  • Bacteroidetes

Bacteroides

Bad bacteria/efficient converters

break down and convert everything eaten resulting in obesity

Firmicutes•Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Mycoplasma, Clostridium, Streptococcus

45
Q

How can the Microbiome affect and result in ASD?

A

women who suffer from a high, prolonged fever during pregnancy are up to seven times more likely to have a child with autism

40 to 90 % of all children with autism suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms

  • Dysbiosis has been noted in gut
  • Neuroinflammation
46
Q

In Autism,

we see an increase in

we see a decrease in

A

Clostridia

Lactobacillus

47
Q

In Type 2 Diabetes,

we see an increase in

we see a decrease in

A

Clostridia

Lactobacillus

48
Q

In Alzheimer’s, we see an increase in

A

Clostridia

Micro - Block 2 (4 decks)

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