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AP Psych > L1-L6 > Flashcards

L1-L6 Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin

A

natural selection and adaptation

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2
Q

Wundt

A

1st psychologist, mind should be studied through observable phenoms

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3
Q

James

A

father of American psych, functionalism, real world

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4
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first president of APA, founder of child psych

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5
Q

Washburn

A

first woman awarded PHD is psych, 2nd woman APA president, studied motor movement in animals

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6
Q

Dix

A

created first UK and US mental hospitals, goal was to change perceptions of the mentally ill

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7
Q

Pavlov

A

argued that repeated behaviors can cause auto physiological responses

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8
Q

Watson

A

behaviorism, Little Albert study

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9
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

operant conditioning, argued that all learning is done through a complex system of reinforcement and punishment, rats/blackbox

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10
Q

Freud

A

sex and death, trauma influences behavior, talk therapy

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11
Q

Piaget

A

created theory of cognitive development

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12
Q

Rogers

A

humanistic (client-centered), helped people improve themselves

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13
Q

structuralism

A

using self analysis and reporting to understand consciousness, Wundt

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14
Q

functionalism

A

focusing on how behaviors are useful to the organism doing them, James

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15
Q

behaviorism

A

focusing on observable behavior to understand the mind, Watson

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16
Q

gestalt

A

examining how and why people perceive what they do, Kohler

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17
Q

psychoanalytic

A

focusing on unconsciousness influences on the conscious mind, Freud

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18
Q

humanistic

A

focusing on how a person sees themselves and how they can grow to achieve them, Rogers

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19
Q

evolutionary

A

attempts to explain human behavior through how a behavior or feature may aid survived, Darwin

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20
Q

biological

A

examines biochemical underpinnings of thought and behavior, Broca and Wernicke

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21
Q

cognitive

A

examines how a person’s thought process may lead them to think or behave in a certain way, Piaget

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22
Q

socio-cultural

A

examines influence of other people and society on a person’s actions or thoughts, Allport, Milgram

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23
Q

biological domain

A

neuroscience, consciousness, motivation; physiological causes of behavior

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24
Q

clinical

A

identification and treatment of mental illnesses and issues

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25
Q

cognitive domain

A

human thought; perception, cognition, memory intelligence

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26
Q

counseling

A

social/emotional development, interpersonal development

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27
Q

developmental

A

studies social and emotional growth

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28
Q

educational

A

studies how people learn, and which methods are effective

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29
Q

experimental

A

conducts research on humans and non-humans to examine cause and effect processes

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30
Q

industrial-organizational

A

studies workplaces to determine how to make them more efficient and productive

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31
Q

personality

A

how personality affects one’s perception and actions

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32
Q

psychometric

A

measures skills such as problem-solving and memory to determine areas of improvement

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33
Q

positive

A

studies positive emotions, and traits, determining how to produce them, creating a fulfilling life

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34
Q

quantitative research

A

more traditional, utilizes measurable data to reach and test conclusions

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35
Q

qualitative

A

in-depth, focused examination of a particular occurrence or phenoms, tends to be feelings or give a why

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36
Q

mixed-methods

A

utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to reach conclusions

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37
Q

nonmothetic approach

A

attempts to identify universal trends or rules

38
Q

construct

A

theoretically defined variable, usually cannot be quantified

39
Q

operationalizations

A

constructs expressed as observable behavior, quantifiable

40
Q

experimental studies

A

independent variables are manipulated by researchers to produce an effect on dependent variables, CAUSE AND EFFECT

41
Q

correlational studies

A

similar to experimental studies, but no manipulated variables; shows links between two things but not cause and effects

42
Q

Quasi-experiments

A

testing pre-existing conditions/demographics, no manipulated independent variable

43
Q

Field experiments

A

real-life setting, can’t account for confounding variables

44
Q

natural experiments

A

field, but researcher can’t control IV

45
Q

case studies

A

A detailed analysis over time of an area of interest to show us context-dependent information. Can also examine a person.

46
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

examine individuals for long periods of time

47
Q

naturalistic observation

A

Observations of naturally occurring behavior, in a natural setting. Field observations are important. Ethical implications of observing others need to be justified

48
Q

unstructured interviews

A

no guided questions and you reply with follow up questions after letting the person talk

49
Q

semi-structured interviews

A

some questions, but participants can go off on a tangent

50
Q

focus group

A

finding out feelings based on a specific question, can be quantified, group setting

51
Q

credibility

A

similar to validity in quantitative research, trustworthiness, true beyond reasonable doubt

52
Q

confounding variables

A

variables that can also affect the dependent variable, making it impossible to determine cause and effect between IV and DV in a study, must be addressed for a study to be valid

53
Q

sample

A

participants in a study

54
Q

target population

A

people to whom the results of the experiment will be generalized

55
Q

how we determine what type of sampling we use

A

aim of research, target population, time and availability

56
Q

random sampling

A

best representative method, depends of sufficient size to work, accounts for hidden variables

57
Q

stratified sampling

A

useful when essential characteristics are well known or when a sample sizes are too small for RS, sample must have same characteristics as target population

58
Q

convenience sampling

A

choose who is most available, can’t be generalized, worst for representation, for when there is lack of resources

59
Q

self-selected sampling

A

putting up an ad for volunteers, quick and easy, bad for representatives, more motivated people respond

60
Q

purposive sampling

A

have a target population from beginning, limited representativeness

61
Q

snowball sampling

A

purposive sampling where one participant recommends others to participate

62
Q

independent measures

A

random sorting into experimental group and control group, 1 group = 1 condition

63
Q

matched-pairs

A

participants in groups are matched according to characteristics, can help resolve confounding variables, uses up resources, variable being controlled here is the matching variable

64
Q

repeated measures

A

used when wanting to compare the same group under different conditions

65
Q

order effects and counter balancing

A

results can depend on order in which the tests were taken rather than the condition; participants are separated

66
Q

validity

A

what is supposed to be measured is measured

67
Q

reliability

A

results can occur over and over again

68
Q

selection bias

A

groups aren’t equivalent at the start of experiment, other than controlled IV

69
Q

history

A

outside events affect participants during the course of the experiment, affecting the IV

70
Q

maturation effect

A

participants grow and develop over the course of the experiment

71
Q

testing effect

A

familiarity with experimental design and condition, counterbalancing helps

72
Q

instrumentation effect

A

process or instrument of measurement changes between observation

73
Q

regression to the mean

A

occurs when the initial DV measurements are extreme, statistically likely to approach median, control group helps

74
Q

experimental mortality

A

some participants quit or die which will wreck your sampling

75
Q

demand characteristics

A

participants may be aware of the purpose of the study (or try to guess it) and may change their behavior to fit the aim

76
Q

experimenter bias

A

researcher intentionally/unintentionally influences the result of the experiment, combated with a double blind study

77
Q

correlation coefficients

A

r-value, above ±.5 is a significant, you can have a positive and negative correlation

78
Q

descriptive data

A

stats that indicate what happened in a study

79
Q

inferential data

A

stats we use to infer findings about a general population

80
Q

p value

A

percent certainty or probability of chance, the lower the value, the more certainty you have that the findings are meaningful

81
Q

alpha level

A

5% and lower means that there is a statistically significant, least probability of chance

82
Q

null hypothesis

A

hypothesis that your results must disprove to say that the results are significant, says that there is no correlation between the two conditions

83
Q

third variable problems

A

other variable causing correlations

84
Q

curvilinear relationships

A

some relationships are there to a certain extent or non-linearly

85
Q

spurious correlations

A

random chance correlation

86
Q

code of conduct

A

do no harm, fidelity and responsibility, honesty with results, justice, respect for people’s rights and dignity

87
Q

ethical review boards

A

governments and research organizations with boards to monitor and approve experiments to make sure they are ethical

88
Q

ethical guidelines with participants

A

informed consent, protection from harm, anonymity and confidentiality, no deception, debriefing (aims and consent)

89
Q

modification of guidelines

A

benefits must outweigh the harms, study should have as little amount of deception as possible, harms should be kept to a minimum

90
Q

reporting results

A

no data fabrication or plagiarism, giving credit, all data must be shared, decide if study should be published at all

AP Psych (2 decks)

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