Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych > L1-L6 > Flashcards

L1-L6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Darwin

A

natural selection and adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Wundt

A

1st psychologist, mind should be studied through observable phenoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

James

A

father of American psych, functionalism, real world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first president of APA, founder of child psych

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Washburn

A

first woman awarded PHD is psych, 2nd woman APA president, studied motor movement in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dix

A

created first UK and US mental hospitals, goal was to change perceptions of the mentally ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pavlov

A

argued that repeated behaviors can cause auto physiological responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Watson

A

behaviorism, Little Albert study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

operant conditioning, argued that all learning is done through a complex system of reinforcement and punishment, rats/blackbox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Freud

A

sex and death, trauma influences behavior, talk therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Piaget

A

created theory of cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rogers

A

humanistic (client-centered), helped people improve themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

structuralism

A

using self analysis and reporting to understand consciousness, Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

functionalism

A

focusing on how behaviors are useful to the organism doing them, James

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

behaviorism

A

focusing on observable behavior to understand the mind, Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gestalt

A

examining how and why people perceive what they do, Kohler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

psychoanalytic

A

focusing on unconsciousness influences on the conscious mind, Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

humanistic

A

focusing on how a person sees themselves and how they can grow to achieve them, Rogers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

evolutionary

A

attempts to explain human behavior through how a behavior or feature may aid survived, Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

biological

A

examines biochemical underpinnings of thought and behavior, Broca and Wernicke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cognitive

A

examines how a person’s thought process may lead them to think or behave in a certain way, Piaget

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

socio-cultural

A

examines influence of other people and society on a person’s actions or thoughts, Allport, Milgram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

biological domain

A

neuroscience, consciousness, motivation; physiological causes of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

clinical

A

identification and treatment of mental illnesses and issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cognitive domain

A

human thought; perception, cognition, memory intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

counseling

A

social/emotional development, interpersonal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

developmental

A

studies social and emotional growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

educational

A

studies how people learn, and which methods are effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

experimental

A

conducts research on humans and non-humans to examine cause and effect processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

industrial-organizational

A

studies workplaces to determine how to make them more efficient and productive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

personality

A

how personality affects one’s perception and actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

psychometric

A

measures skills such as problem-solving and memory to determine areas of improvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

positive

A

studies positive emotions, and traits, determining how to produce them, creating a fulfilling life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

quantitative research

A

more traditional, utilizes measurable data to reach and test conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

qualitative

A

in-depth, focused examination of a particular occurrence or phenoms, tends to be feelings or give a why

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

mixed-methods

A

utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to reach conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

nonmothetic approach

A

attempts to identify universal trends or rules

38
Q

construct

A

theoretically defined variable, usually cannot be quantified

39
Q

operationalizations

A

constructs expressed as observable behavior, quantifiable

40
Q

experimental studies

A

independent variables are manipulated by researchers to produce an effect on dependent variables, CAUSE AND EFFECT

41
Q

correlational studies

A

similar to experimental studies, but no manipulated variables; shows links between two things but not cause and effects

42
Q

Quasi-experiments

A

testing pre-existing conditions/demographics, no manipulated independent variable

43
Q

Field experiments

A

real-life setting, can’t account for confounding variables

44
Q

natural experiments

A

field, but researcher can’t control IV

45
Q

case studies

A

A detailed analysis over time of an area of interest to show us context-dependent information. Can also examine a person.

46
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

examine individuals for long periods of time

47
Q

naturalistic observation

A

Observations of naturally occurring behavior, in a natural setting. Field observations are important. Ethical implications of observing others need to be justified

48
Q

unstructured interviews

A

no guided questions and you reply with follow up questions after letting the person talk

49
Q

semi-structured interviews

A

some questions, but participants can go off on a tangent

50
Q

focus group

A

finding out feelings based on a specific question, can be quantified, group setting

51
Q

credibility

A

similar to validity in quantitative research, trustworthiness, true beyond reasonable doubt

52
Q

confounding variables

A

variables that can also affect the dependent variable, making it impossible to determine cause and effect between IV and DV in a study, must be addressed for a study to be valid

53
Q

sample

A

participants in a study

54
Q

target population

A

people to whom the results of the experiment will be generalized

55
Q

how we determine what type of sampling we use

A

aim of research, target population, time and availability

56
Q

random sampling

A

best representative method, depends of sufficient size to work, accounts for hidden variables

57
Q

stratified sampling

A

useful when essential characteristics are well known or when a sample sizes are too small for RS, sample must have same characteristics as target population

58
Q

convenience sampling

A

choose who is most available, can’t be generalized, worst for representation, for when there is lack of resources

59
Q

self-selected sampling

A

putting up an ad for volunteers, quick and easy, bad for representatives, more motivated people respond

60
Q

purposive sampling

A

have a target population from beginning, limited representativeness

61
Q

snowball sampling

A

purposive sampling where one participant recommends others to participate

62
Q

independent measures

A

random sorting into experimental group and control group, 1 group = 1 condition

63
Q

matched-pairs

A

participants in groups are matched according to characteristics, can help resolve confounding variables, uses up resources, variable being controlled here is the matching variable

64
Q

repeated measures

A

used when wanting to compare the same group under different conditions

65
Q

order effects and counter balancing

A

results can depend on order in which the tests were taken rather than the condition; participants are separated

66
Q

validity

A

what is supposed to be measured is measured

67
Q

reliability

A

results can occur over and over again

68
Q

selection bias

A

groups aren’t equivalent at the start of experiment, other than controlled IV

69
Q

history

A

outside events affect participants during the course of the experiment, affecting the IV

70
Q

maturation effect

A

participants grow and develop over the course of the experiment

71
Q

testing effect

A

familiarity with experimental design and condition, counterbalancing helps

72
Q

instrumentation effect

A

process or instrument of measurement changes between observation

73
Q

regression to the mean

A

occurs when the initial DV measurements are extreme, statistically likely to approach median, control group helps

74
Q

experimental mortality

A

some participants quit or die which will wreck your sampling

75
Q

demand characteristics

A

participants may be aware of the purpose of the study (or try to guess it) and may change their behavior to fit the aim

76
Q

experimenter bias

A

researcher intentionally/unintentionally influences the result of the experiment, combated with a double blind study

77
Q

correlation coefficients

A

r-value, above ±.5 is a significant, you can have a positive and negative correlation

78
Q

descriptive data

A

stats that indicate what happened in a study

79
Q

inferential data

A

stats we use to infer findings about a general population

80
Q

p value

A

percent certainty or probability of chance, the lower the value, the more certainty you have that the findings are meaningful

81
Q

alpha level

A

5% and lower means that there is a statistically significant, least probability of chance

82
Q

null hypothesis

A

hypothesis that your results must disprove to say that the results are significant, says that there is no correlation between the two conditions

83
Q

third variable problems

A

other variable causing correlations

84
Q

curvilinear relationships

A

some relationships are there to a certain extent or non-linearly

85
Q

spurious correlations

A

random chance correlation

86
Q

code of conduct

A

do no harm, fidelity and responsibility, honesty with results, justice, respect for people’s rights and dignity

87
Q

ethical review boards

A

governments and research organizations with boards to monitor and approve experiments to make sure they are ethical

88
Q

ethical guidelines with participants

A

informed consent, protection from harm, anonymity and confidentiality, no deception, debriefing (aims and consent)

89
Q

modification of guidelines

A

benefits must outweigh the harms, study should have as little amount of deception as possible, harms should be kept to a minimum

90
Q

reporting results

A

no data fabrication or plagiarism, giving credit, all data must be shared, decide if study should be published at all

AP Psych (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions