L1: Introduction And Examining Data

Question 1

What does a hypothesis consist of (2)?

Answer 1

Condition
Consequence

Question 2

What is meant by a construct?

Answer 2

Conceptual term used to describe a phenomenon of theoretical interest.

Question 3

What is an indirectly observable construct called?

Answer 3

Latent

Question 4

Constructs must be defined in terms of… (3):

Answer 4

Object
Attribute
Rater entity

Question 5

What is a direct causal relationship?

Answer 5

Linear effect

Question 6

What is a mediated causal relationship?

Answer 6

A appears statistically to have a direct effect on B. Logically, however A influence Z and Z influences B.

Question 7

When is mediation called partial?

Answer 7

If the effect between A and B remains significant after inclusion of the mediator.

Question 8

What is a spurious relationship?

Answer 8

A third variable influences A as well as B.

Question 9

What is a bidirectional causal relationship?

Answer 9

A leads to B and B leads to A, but necessarily at the same time.

Question 10

What is an unanalyzed relationship?

Answer 10

There is a correlation between A and B.

Question 11

What is meant by moderated causal relationship?

Answer 11

The strength and/or direction of the effect of A on B depends on the level of M.

Question 12

Why do researchers explicitly model structural error?

Answer 12

Because they do not expect their models to perfectly explain reality.

Question 13

Why use multi-item measurement (2)?

Answer 13

Increases validity and reliability of measures
Allows measurement assessment

Question 14

What are the (2) forms of multi-item measurement?

Answer 14

Formative
Reflective

Question 15

What is a reflective measurement model?

Answer 15

Direction of causality is from construct to measure and indicators are expected to be correlated.

Question 16

What is a formative measurement model?

Answer 16

Direction of causality is from measure to construct, with no reason to expect indicators to be correlated.

Question 17

In which measurement model does dropping an indicator alter the meaning of the construct?

Answer 17

Formative

Question 18

When is a reflective measurement model used typically?

Answer 18

Consumer research constructs

Question 19

When is a formative measurement model typically used?

Answer 19

Success factor research

Question 20

What are the (3) characters of data?

Answer 20

Univariate
Bivariate
Multivariate

Question 21

What are the (4) steps in assessing the type and potential impact of missing data?

Answer 21

Determine type of data and whether or not it can be ignored
Determine extent of missing data and decide whether variables or respondents should be deleted
Diagnose the randomness of the data
Select the imputation method for estimating missing data

Question 22

What is the difference between MCAR and MAR?

Answer 22

MCAR means missing data is distributed randomly and can be solved without bias, whereas MAR results in a bias.

Question 23

What are the (2) approaches to dealing with missing data?

Answer 23

Using only valid data (MAR only!)
Calculating replacement data

Question 24

What is meant by outliers?

Answer 24

Observations with a unique combination of characteristics indicating they are distinctly different from the other observations.

Question 25

Which (4) assumptions underlie most multivariate techniques?

Answer 25

Normality
Homoscedasticity
Linearity
Absence of correlated errors

Question 26

What can a researcher do when assumptions are not met?

Answer 26

Apply transformations

Question 27

How can a nonmetric variable be included with a set of dichtomous variables?

Answer 27

Dummy, but may only be included in analysis requiring only metric variables