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2=Endocrinology > L1 - Intro to endocrinology & hypothalamus and pituitary > Flashcards

L1 - Intro to endocrinology & hypothalamus and pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: endocrine glands are ductless glands that release their secretion into the blood

A

false

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2
Q

True or false: the sweat gland is endocrine?

A

false

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3
Q

is the endocrine system slow or fast?

A

slow

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4
Q

what type of feedback control is thyroid hormone regulated by

A

negative

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5
Q

True or false: The increase in the blood glucose concentration after feeding cause hypothalamus/anterior pituitary to secrete a tropic hormone which act on pancrease to release insulin.

A

false - pancreatic islet cells detect this change

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6
Q

t/f: Water soluble hormones require plasma protein binding for transportation to its site of action.

A

false

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7
Q

t/f : Hormones with high lipophilicity have longer duration of action

A

true

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8
Q

where do water insoluble hormones usually have their receptors?

A

cytoplasm/nucleus of target cell

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9
Q

what is the common precursor for all steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

Refers to an action in which chemical messenger is released to have effect on neighbouring cells

A

paracrine

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11
Q

Refers to an action in which chemical messenger is released to have effect on the same cell which released the messenger

A

autocrine

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12
Q

Refers to an action in which chemical messenger is released into the blood to have effect on distant cells

A

endocrine

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13
Q

which part of the brain is the main control centre in the brain responsible for homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins are the blood vessels between two capillary beds; - between which 2 organs

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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15
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

ductless - secrete into blood

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16
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

secreted into ducts

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17
Q

which type of glands are used for homeostasis - long acting?

A

endocrine

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18
Q

what is a hormone?

A

chemical messenger secreted into the blood to act on distant target cells

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19
Q

what are endocrine mediators?

A

released into blood to have action on distant cells

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20
Q

what are autocrine mediators?

A

released to have effects on the same cell

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21
Q

what are pararine mediators?

A

released to have effects on neighbourig cell

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22
Q

term for hormones released by neurones?

A

Neurohormones

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23
Q

what are autocoids?

A

chemical messengers which have a paracrine effect

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24
Q

what is a neuromodulator?

A

chemical messenger which acts on neurons at non-synaptic sites to bring changes in the nerve cell

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25
Q

3 types of hormones?

A
  1. peptides & proteins
  2. steroids
  3. derivatives of AA tyrosine
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26
Q

examples of peptide and protein hormones?

A

pituitary, insulin, glucagon, parathormone

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27
Q

4 places where steriod hormones are produced in the body?

A
  1. adrenal cortex
  2. ovaries
  3. placenta
  4. testis
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28
Q

which type of hormones are T3 and T4?

A

group 1 derivatives of AA tyrosine

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29
Q

what type of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephreine?

A

group 2 catecholamines derivatives of AA tyrosine

30
Q

3 steps in protein and peptide synthesis?

A
  1. pre-prohormone synthesised by ER
  2. prohormone - packages into secretory vesicles by golgi
  3. active hormone stored in vesicle until released
31
Q

are peptides hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

32
Q

are steriod hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

33
Q

why do steriod hormones bind to plasman proteins in the blood - why dont peptides?

A

as steriod hormones are hydrophobic

34
Q

which type of hormones are able to diffuse into target cells? why? why cant the others?

A

steriod hormones can - there are receptors for these hormones in the target cell cytoplasm/DNA

protein hormones cannot - as the receptors are on the cell surface

35
Q

3 steps of steroid hormone synthesis

A
  1. cholesterol
  2. pregenolone
  3. other steriod hormones
36
Q

how do steriod hormones function

A

activate a specific gene in target cell - produce specific enzyme

37
Q

do steriod hormones have a long or short duration of action?

A

short and long

38
Q

what are group 1 AA derivative hormones similar to?

A

steriods

39
Q

what are group 2 AA derivative hormones similar to?

A

peptides and proteins

40
Q

where are T3 and T4 stored?

A

thyroid gland

41
Q

what detects thyroid hormone incretion/depletion?

A

antierior pituitary

42
Q

what stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete hormones?

A

TSH

43
Q

what releases TSH?

A

ant pit

44
Q

what cells detect changes in plasma glucose

A

pancreatic islet cells

45
Q

what intrinsic receptors input to the hypothalamus

A
  • thermoreceptors

- osmoreceptors

46
Q

which 2 ways can the hypothalmus respond to inputs?

A

autonomic NS and endocrine signals

47
Q

describe blood flow in hypohyseal portal blood system

A 
heart
internal carotid art
superior hypophyseal art
capillary 1 - hypothalamus
hypophyseal portal vein 
capillary 2 - ant pit 
hypophyseal vein 
heart
48
Q

what is the hypophysis?

A

pituitary gland

49
Q

which bony cavity does the pituitary gland lie in?

A

sella turcia

50
Q

the majority of hormones releases from pit gland are tropic - what does this mean?

A

act on other endocrine glands to release their hormones

51
Q

what controls the secretion of the pit gland?

A

hypothalamus

52
Q

2 portions of pit gland (give both names)

A
  1. anterior - adenohypophysis

2. posterior -neurohypophysis

53
Q

where does the anterior pit gland originate from?

A

Rathke’s pouch

54
Q

the posterior pituitary contains 2 neurones within cell bodies - what are these?

A

supraoptic nuclei

paraventricular nuclei

55
Q

what hormone is secreted by supraoptic nuclei?

A

ADH

56
Q

what does ADH work on

A

kidneys

57
Q

what hormone is secreted by paraventricular nuclei

A

oxytocin

58
Q

what cells secrete growth hormone?

A

somatotropes

59
Q

what cells secrete adrenocorticotropin?

A

corticotropes

60
Q

what cells secrete TSH?

A

thyrotropes

61
Q

what cells secrete LH and FSH

A

gonadotropes

62
Q

what cells secrete prolactin ?

A

lactotropes

63
Q

function of growth hormone

A

cause liver to produce somatomedine

64
Q

function of adrenocorticotropin

A

cause adrenal gland to secrete NE and E

65
Q

function of FSH + LH in males

A

testes to produce inhibin + testosterone

66
Q

function of FSH + LH in females

A

ovaries to produce oestrogen, progesterone, inhibin

67
Q

2 types of hormones released by hypothalamus - where do they have an effect?

A

inhibiting or stimulating - by ant pit

68
Q

how do hypothalamic hormones reach the ant pit?

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins (in the blood stream)

69
Q

what is an endocrine axis?

A

pathway of how endocrine organs produce a specific hormone

70
Q

what 3 things does an endocrine axis contain?

A
  1. hypothalamis factor (the hormone)
  2. pituitary target cell (cells which the hypthalamus acts on)
  3. target cell (which release the target hormone)

2=Endocrinology (8 decks)

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