L1 - Intro to endocrinology & hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 1

True or false: endocrine glands are ductless glands that release their secretion into the blood

Answer 1

false

Question 2

True or false: the sweat gland is endocrine?

Answer 2

false

Question 3

is the endocrine system slow or fast?

Answer 3

slow

Question 4

what type of feedback control is thyroid hormone regulated by

Answer 4

negative

Question 5

True or false: The increase in the blood glucose concentration after feeding cause hypothalamus/anterior pituitary to secrete a tropic hormone which act on pancrease to release insulin.

Answer 5

false - pancreatic islet cells detect this change

Question 6

t/f: Water soluble hormones require plasma protein binding for transportation to its site of action.

Answer 6

false

Question 7

t/f : Hormones with high lipophilicity have longer duration of action

Answer 7

true

Question 8

where do water insoluble hormones usually have their receptors?

Answer 8

cytoplasm/nucleus of target cell

Question 9

what is the common precursor for all steroid hormones?

Answer 9

cholesterol

Question 10

Refers to an action in which chemical messenger is released to have effect on neighbouring cells

Answer 10

paracrine

Question 11

Refers to an action in which chemical messenger is released to have effect on the same cell which released the messenger

Answer 11

autocrine

Question 12

Refers to an action in which chemical messenger is released into the blood to have effect on distant cells

Answer 12

endocrine

Question 13

which part of the brain is the main control centre in the brain responsible for homeostasis

Answer 13

hypothalamus

Question 14

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins are the blood vessels between two capillary beds; - between which 2 organs

Answer 14

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 15

what are endocrine glands?

Answer 15

ductless - secrete into blood

Question 16

what are exocrine glands?

Answer 16

secreted into ducts

Question 17

which type of glands are used for homeostasis - long acting?

Answer 17

endocrine

Question 18

what is a hormone?

Answer 18

chemical messenger secreted into the blood to act on distant target cells

Question 19

what are endocrine mediators?

Answer 19

released into blood to have action on distant cells

Question 20

what are autocrine mediators?

Answer 20

released to have effects on the same cell

Question 21

what are pararine mediators?

Answer 21

released to have effects on neighbourig cell

Question 22

term for hormones released by neurones?

Answer 22

Neurohormones

Question 23

what are autocoids?

Answer 23

chemical messengers which have a paracrine effect

Question 24

what is a neuromodulator?

Answer 24

chemical messenger which acts on neurons at non-synaptic sites to bring changes in the nerve cell

Question 25

3 types of hormones?

Answer 25

1. peptides & proteins 2. steroids 3. derivatives of AA tyrosine

Question 26

examples of peptide and protein hormones?

Answer 26

pituitary, insulin, glucagon, parathormone

Question 27

4 places where steriod hormones are produced in the body?

Answer 27

1. adrenal cortex 2. ovaries 3. placenta 4. testis

Question 28

which type of hormones are T3 and T4?

Answer 28

group 1 derivatives of AA tyrosine

Question 29

what type of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephreine?

Answer 29

group 2 catecholamines derivatives of AA tyrosine

Question 30

3 steps in protein and peptide synthesis?

Answer 30

1. pre-prohormone synthesised by ER 2. prohormone - packages into secretory vesicles by golgi 3. active hormone stored in vesicle until released

Question 31

are peptides hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 31

hydrophilic

Question 32

are steriod hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 32

hydrophobic

Question 33

why do steriod hormones bind to plasman proteins in the blood - why dont peptides?

Answer 33

as steriod hormones are hydrophobic

Question 34

which type of hormones are able to diffuse into target cells? why? why cant the others?

Answer 34

steriod hormones can - there are receptors for these hormones in the target cell cytoplasm/DNA protein hormones cannot - as the receptors are on the cell surface

Question 35

3 steps of steroid hormone synthesis

Answer 35

1. cholesterol 2. pregenolone 3. other steriod hormones

Question 36

how do steriod hormones function

Answer 36

activate a specific gene in target cell - produce specific enzyme

Question 37

do steriod hormones have a long or short duration of action?

Answer 37

short and long

Question 38

what are group 1 AA derivative hormones similar to?

Answer 38

steriods

Question 39

what are group 2 AA derivative hormones similar to?

Answer 39

peptides and proteins

Question 40

where are T3 and T4 stored?

Answer 40

thyroid gland

Question 41

what detects thyroid hormone incretion/depletion?

Answer 41

antierior pituitary

Question 42

what stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete hormones?

Answer 42

TSH

Question 43

what releases TSH?

Answer 43

ant pit

Question 44

what cells detect changes in plasma glucose

Answer 44

pancreatic islet cells

Question 45

what intrinsic receptors input to the hypothalamus

Answer 45

- thermoreceptors | - osmoreceptors

Question 46

which 2 ways can the hypothalmus respond to inputs?

Answer 46

autonomic NS and endocrine signals

Question 47

describe blood flow in hypohyseal portal blood system

Answer 47

``` heart internal carotid art superior hypophyseal art capillary 1 - hypothalamus hypophyseal portal vein capillary 2 - ant pit hypophyseal vein heart ```

Question 48

what is the hypophysis?

Answer 48

pituitary gland

Question 49

which bony cavity does the pituitary gland lie in?

Answer 49

sella turcia

Question 50

the majority of hormones releases from pit gland are tropic - what does this mean?

Answer 50

act on other endocrine glands to release their hormones

Question 51

what controls the secretion of the pit gland?

Answer 51

hypothalamus

Question 52

2 portions of pit gland (give both names)

Answer 52

1. anterior - adenohypophysis | 2. posterior -neurohypophysis

Question 53

where does the anterior pit gland originate from?

Answer 53

Rathke's pouch

Question 54

the posterior pituitary contains 2 neurones within cell bodies - what are these?

Answer 54

supraoptic nuclei | paraventricular nuclei

Question 55

what hormone is secreted by supraoptic nuclei?

Answer 55

ADH

Question 56

what does ADH work on

Answer 56

kidneys

Question 57

what hormone is secreted by paraventricular nuclei

Answer 57

oxytocin

Question 58

what cells secrete growth hormone?

Answer 58

somatotropes

Question 59

what cells secrete adrenocorticotropin?

Answer 59

corticotropes

Question 60

what cells secrete TSH?

Answer 60

thyrotropes

Question 61

what cells secrete LH and FSH

Answer 61

gonadotropes

Question 62

what cells secrete prolactin ?

Answer 62

lactotropes

Question 63

function of growth hormone

Answer 63

cause liver to produce somatomedine

Question 64

function of adrenocorticotropin

Answer 64

cause adrenal gland to secrete NE and E

Question 65

function of FSH + LH in males

Answer 65

testes to produce inhibin + testosterone

Question 66

function of FSH + LH in females

Answer 66

ovaries to produce oestrogen, progesterone, inhibin

Question 67

2 types of hormones released by hypothalamus - where do they have an effect?

Answer 67

inhibiting or stimulating - by ant pit

Question 68

how do hypothalamic hormones reach the ant pit?

Answer 68

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins (in the blood stream)

Question 69

what is an endocrine axis?

Answer 69

pathway of how endocrine organs produce a specific hormone

Question 70

what 3 things does an endocrine axis contain?

Answer 70

1. hypothalamis factor (the hormone) 2. pituitary target cell (cells which the hypthalamus acts on) 3. target cell (which release the target hormone)