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PT4023 CA1 > L1 Intro to Endocrine Pharmacology > Flashcards

L1 Intro to Endocrine Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

3 classes of hormones

A
  1. Peptide/protein hormones
  2. Steroid hormones
  3. Amino acid-based hormones
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2
Q

Briefly describe how the endocrine system works

A
  • uses chemical messengers (hormones) to coordinate many aspects of physiology
  • releases hormones into bloodstream where they’re transported to every cell in the body
  • hormones will only affect cells that have receptors specific to that hormone
  • hormones can affect many different cells and tissues at once
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3
Q

Can a cell contain receptors for many different hormones?

A

Yes

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4
Q

4 types of hormone receptors

A
  1. Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors)
  2. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
  3. Kinase-linked receptors
  4. Nuclear receptors
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5
Q

Why do both kinase-linked receptors and nuclear receptors take longer to initiate a response after hormone binding?

A

Because they are dependent upon transcription and protein synthesis

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6
Q

Which hormone receptors are most commonly involved in hormone/receptor binding?

A

Kinase-linked receptors

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7
Q

Where can hormone receptors be located?

A

cell membrane, cytosol, nucleus

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8
Q

Peptide/protein hormones are secreted by?

A
  • anterior and posterior pituitary gland
  • pancreas
  • parathyroid gland
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9
Q

Synthesis of peptide/protein hormones

A
  • synthesised on rough ER, first as large proteins (preprohormones) which are cleaved to form prohormones in ER
  • prohormones transferred to Golgi apparatus for packaging in secretory vesicles, then cleaved to form active hormones
  • stored in secretory vesicle until needed
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10
Q

Why can’t peptide/protein hormones get across the cell membrane to bind nuclear receptors?

A

because they are water soluble

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11
Q

Steroid hormones are secreted by?

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • placenta
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12
Q

Most steroid hormones are synthesised from?

A

cholesterol

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13
Q

Structure of steroid hormones

A

consist of 3 cyclohexyl rings and one cyclopentyl ring combined in a single structure

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14
Q

Are steroid hormones stored?

A

No, they are synthesised as needed

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15
Q

Steroid hormones are __ soluble.

A

lipid

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16
Q

Steroid hormones circulate in the blood mainly bound to __.

A

plasma proteins
(only ~10% exist free in plasma)

17
Q

What do protein-bound steroid hormones act as?

A

Act as a store to replenish free hormones (since they cannot readily cross lipid membranes)

18
Q

Amino hormones are secreted by?

A
  • thyroid
  • adrenal medullae
19
Q

Amino hormones are derived from __.

A

tyrosine

20
Q

Amino acids are formed by?

A

the action of enzymes in the cytoplasmic compartment of glandular cells

21
Q

Where are thyroid hormones stored?

A

in macromolecules of the protein thyroglobulin

22
Q

Where are adrenal medullary amino hormones stored?

A

in secretory vesicles until needed

23
Q

Hormone receptors mediate cellular changes after binding via regulation of…

A
  • ion channels
  • regulatory proteins
  • enzymes
  • gene activation
24
Q

Melatonin released from pineal gland binds to which type of receptor?

A

GPCR

25
Q

CRH released from hypothalamus binds to which type of receptor?

A

GPCR

26
Q

GH released from pituitary gland binds to which type of receptor?

A

Kinase-linked receptor

27
Q

ACTH released from pituitary gland binds to which type of receptor?

A

GPCR

28
Q

Triiodothyronine released from thyroid gland binds to which type of receptor?

A

Nuclear receptor

29
Q

PTH released from parathyroid gland binds to which type of receptor?

A

GPCR

30
Q

Corticoids and adrenaline released from adrenal gland bind which type of receptors?

A

Nuclear receptor and GPCR, respectively

31
Q

The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon. To which receptor types do these hormones bind?

A

Kinase-linked receptor and GPCR, respectively

32
Q

To which receptor type do oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone bind?

A

nuclear receptor

33
Q

3 mechanisms of endocrine disease

A
  1. Hormone deficiency
    - insufficient stimulation from pituitary
    - hypofunction of gland itself
    - increased clearance of hormones
  2. Hormone excess
    - excessive stimulation from pituitary
    - hyperplasia or neoplasia of the gland
    - ectopic hormone production (cancers)
  3. Hormone resistance
34
Q

Example of a drug that blocks adrenaline?

A

beta blocker e.g. atenolol

35
Q

Example of a hormone (and neurotransmitter) that binds a ligand-gated ion channel?

A

Serotonin (5HT3 receptor)

PT4023 CA1 (8 decks)

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