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7 Imaging > L1 Fundamentals > Flashcards

L1 Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Radiolucent

A

film black w/out absorption
less dense material
can see through

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2
Q

Radiopaque

A

white with w/out penetration
more dense material
can’t see through

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3
Q

Radiolucent to Radiopaque tissues

A

Gas
Fat
Water
Bone
Contrast Media
Heavy metal

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4
Q

Factors that impact image quality

A
  • thickness of body part
  • motion
  • scatter
  • magnification
  • distortion
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5
Q

Motion

A

causes blurring

can overcome by shortening the exposure time and using an intensifying screen that is found in all film holders

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6
Q

Scatter

A

produced by deflection of some of the primary x-ray beam

a grid is used to reduce scatter

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7
Q

Magnification

A

as an object moves toward the source of x-ray beam, shadow becomes larger

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8
Q

Distortion

A

occurs when the object is not perpendicular to x-ray beam

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9
Q

Plain Films

A
  • same as x-ray
  • most common diagnostic imaging format
  • no contrast material is used to enhance various body structures
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10
Q

ABCS for X-ray

A

Alignment
Bone
Cartilage
Soft Tissues

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11
Q

Alignment

A
  • size of bone
  • count number of bones
  • normal contour and shape bones
  • position of bone in relation to joint
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12
Q

Bone

A
  • bone density
  • weight bearing surfaces
  • texture
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13
Q

Cartilage

A
  • joint space
  • subchondral bone
  • growth plates and epiphysis
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14
Q

Soft Tissue

A
  • gross size
  • joint capsule outline
  • periosteum
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15
Q

Radiographic signs of fracture

A
  • focal discontinuity in structure
  • displacement
  • focal alteration in smooth contour
  • change in the shape
  • linear region of sclerosis
  • lucent line
  • avulsion fragment
  • double density
  • abnormal fat pad
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16
Q

Radiographic signs of open fractures

A
  • soft tissue defects
  • bone fragment protruding beyond soft tissues
  • gas in soft tissues
  • intraarticular gas
  • presence of foreign body
  • missing bone fragments
17
Q

Radiographic Findings in Stress Fractures

A
  • normal
  • soft tissue swelling
  • graying of cortex
  • multiple transverse lucencies
  • fracture line
  • periosteal reaction
  • endosteal sclerosis
  • fuzzy linear densities
  • curvilinear sclerosis
  • cortical thickening
18
Q

Hallmarks of OA

A
  1. joint space narrowing
  2. bone spurs
  3. sclerotic borders
  4. subchondral bone cysts
19
Q

Jefferson Fx

A

burst fracture of C1

20
Q

Hangman’s Fx

A

fracture through posterior element of C2

21
Q

Clay Shoveler’s Fx

A

C7 spinous process fracture

22
Q

Salter-Harris system

A

physial fractures in kids
1. Physis
2. Metaphysis and physis
3. Physis and Epiphysis
4. Through physis, metaphysis, epiphysis
5. Crush/compression

23
Q

Bone Scan

A
  • uses marker to reflect increased blood flow and metabolsim
  • useful for dx of subtle fractures, avascular necrosis, decreased blood flow, mets, osteomyelitis, prosthetic loosening
  • high sensitivity, low specificity
24
Q

Ultrasoundography

A
  • used for soft tissue pathology, tendon, muscle tears, nerve entrapment, healing fracture, defect in cartilage
  • low cost and portable, no known hazards
  • limited view, more operator dependent, deep structures are not visible
25
Q

Compute Tomgraphy

A
  • combines x-ray with compute
  • provides 3d images in any plane
    *best for loose bodies, subtle/complex fx, degenerati e changes, serious trauma, spinal stenosis
  • provides axial images only, limited tissue imaging, high radiation
26
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A
  • non-ionizing imaging
  • does great with soft tissue
  • poor with bone, expensive, time consuming, not comfortable for patient
  • cannot be done with metal in the body
  • multiple sequencing allows for multiple images
27
Q

Advantages of CT over MRI

A
  • less expensive
  • greater availability
  • faster image times
  • less operator time
  • thinner slices
  • greater resolution power for cortical bone
  • can image on patients with metal implants
28
Q

Advantages of MRI over CT

A
  • greater contrast resolution of soft tissue
  • greater ability to image organs
  • no ionizing radiation
  • greater imaging quality in nonaxial planes
  • no artifact from bone
  • less risk in missing disease processes
29
Q

MRI Sequencing

A

T1 = best for anatomic structure
T2 = contrasting normal vs abnormal tissue

water, CSF, acute hemorrage, soft tissue appears dark on TI and bright on T2

30
Q

ABCDS for MRI

A

Alignment
Bone
Cartilage
eDema
Soft Tissue

7 Imaging (4 decks)

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