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BIOL 131 > L1 - Cellular Pathology > Flashcards

L1 - Cellular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Study of causes and effects of disease

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2
Q

Cells can only survive within:

A

Physiological limits (without adaptation)

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3
Q

Pathological processes

A

Adaptation
Abnormal cell growth
Cell death
Healing
Genetic + immune factors

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4
Q

Environmental changes outside physiological range

A

Osmotic stress
Temperature stress
Oxygen / energy deprivation
Injury / infection
Disruption of homeostasis

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5
Q

Adaptive responses

A

Metabolism alteration
Physiological response

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6
Q

Metabolism Alteration

A

Fasting - Fatty acids mobilise from adipose tissue
Calcium lack - mobilise from bone matrix
Liver enzymes induced to metabolise drugs

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7
Q

Physiological response

A

Cellular activity increased

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8
Q

Metaplasia

A

Conversion from one mature cell type to another

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9
Q

Cell stress responses

A

Downregulate unnecessary genes
Increase protective proteins
Heatshock proteins act as chaperones
Ubiquitin
Chronic stress

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10
Q

Heatshock proteins

A

Protect proteins
Assist refolding
Prevent protein aggregation

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11
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Targets protein for destruction

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12
Q

Chronic stress

A

Visible aggregates of constituents (inclusion bodies)

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13
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

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14
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

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15
Q

Apoptosis 4 steps

A

Induction / signalling (anti-apoptotic proteins deactivated)
Effector (mitochondrial permeability)
Degradation (morphology)
Phagocytic (fragments engulfed and removed)

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16
Q

Stages of Apoptosis

A

Cell shrinks and chromatin condenses
Membrane blebs and organelles disintegrate
Nucleus and organelles collapse
Apoptotic bodies form
Macrophages phagocytose apoptotic bodies

17
Q

Uses of Apoptosis

A

Removal of autoreactive immune cells
Intestinal cell turnover
Embryogenesis
Over / under active pathways

18
Q

Necrosis

A

Response to acute stress

19
Q

Causes of necrosis

A

Molecular mechanisms
Pathological stimuli
Ischaemia

20
Q

Molecular mechanisms causing necrosis

A

Reduction in ATP
Increased cytosolic calcium
Reduced ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species
Plasma membrane integrity and cytoskeleton compromised
Cells swell, lyse and burst

21
Q

Pathological stimuli for necrosis

A

Hypoxia
Chemical agents

22
Q

Ischaemia causing necrosis

A

Ischaemia and reperfusion injury

BIOL 131 (12 decks)

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