L1 - Cellular Pathology

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

Study of causes and effects of disease

Question 2

Cells can only survive within:

Answer 2

Physiological limits (without adaptation)

Question 3

Pathological processes

Answer 3

Adaptation
Abnormal cell growth
Cell death
Healing
Genetic + immune factors

Question 4

Environmental changes outside physiological range

Answer 4

Osmotic stress
Temperature stress
Oxygen / energy deprivation
Injury / infection
Disruption of homeostasis

Question 5

Adaptive responses

Answer 5

Metabolism alteration
Physiological response

Question 6

Metabolism Alteration

Answer 6

Fasting - Fatty acids mobilise from adipose tissue
Calcium lack - mobilise from bone matrix
Liver enzymes induced to metabolise drugs

Question 7

Physiological response

Answer 7

Cellular activity increased

Question 8

Metaplasia

Answer 8

Conversion from one mature cell type to another

Question 9

Cell stress responses

Answer 9

Downregulate unnecessary genes
Increase protective proteins
Heatshock proteins act as chaperones
Ubiquitin
Chronic stress

Question 10

Heatshock proteins

Answer 10

Protect proteins
Assist refolding
Prevent protein aggregation

Question 11

Ubiquitin

Answer 11

Targets protein for destruction

Question 12

Chronic stress

Answer 12

Visible aggregates of constituents (inclusion bodies)

Question 13

Hyperplasia

Answer 13

Increase in cell number

Question 14

Hypertrophy

Answer 14

Increase in cell size

Question 15

Apoptosis 4 steps

Answer 15

Induction / signalling (anti-apoptotic proteins deactivated)
Effector (mitochondrial permeability)
Degradation (morphology)
Phagocytic (fragments engulfed and removed)

Question 16

Stages of Apoptosis

Answer 16

Cell shrinks and chromatin condenses
Membrane blebs and organelles disintegrate
Nucleus and organelles collapse
Apoptotic bodies form
Macrophages phagocytose apoptotic bodies

Question 17

Uses of Apoptosis

Answer 17

Removal of autoreactive immune cells
Intestinal cell turnover
Embryogenesis
Over / under active pathways

Question 18

Necrosis

Answer 18

Response to acute stress

Question 19

Causes of necrosis

Answer 19

Molecular mechanisms
Pathological stimuli
Ischaemia

Question 20

Molecular mechanisms causing necrosis

Answer 20

Reduction in ATP
Increased cytosolic calcium
Reduced ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species
Plasma membrane integrity and cytoskeleton compromised
Cells swell, lyse and burst

Question 21

Pathological stimuli for necrosis

Answer 21

Hypoxia
Chemical agents

Question 22

Ischaemia causing necrosis

Answer 22

Ischaemia and reperfusion injury