L1 cell injury

Question 1

pathology is divided into-

Answer 1

-general and systemic
General pathology
Is concerned with the common reactions of cells and tissues to injurious stimuli
Ex.: Acute inflammation in response to bacterial infections

Systemic pathology
Examines the alterations and underlying mechanisms in organ specific diseases e.g., ischemic heart disease

Question 2

4 aspects of disease process

Answer 2

1. etiology- cause
2. pathogenesis- mechanism/ steps
3. morphological changes- structural changes
4. clinical manifestation- functional consequences

Question 3

etiology classes

Answer 3

1. genetic
2. acquired
3. multifactorial such as atherosclerosis, cancer, etc.

Question 4

morphological changes types:

Answer 4

1. gross appearance
2. microscopic
3. radiological
4. molecular (not v common)

Question 5

clinical manifestations 2 types
what are complications?

Answer 5

signs (observed by doctors)
symptoms (observed/experienced by patients)

-2ndary effects of the disease

Question 6

define
1. idiopathic
2. secondary
3. acute
4. chronic

Answer 6

1. unknown cause
2. disease due to complication or manifestation of underlying lesion
3. short term, rapid onset
4. prolonged

Question 7

define diagnosis, treatment, remission, and relapse

Answer 7

Diagnosis
The recognition of a disease by the signs and symptoms

Treatment
Methods used to manage disease process

Remission
the conversion from active disease to quiet, recovery basically

Relapse
The reappearance of signs & symptoms

Question 8

list the 7 causes of cell injury

Answer 8

1. oxygen deprivation
2. physical agents
3. chemical agents
4. infectious agents
5. immunologic reactions
6. genetic disorders
7. nutritional imbalances

Question 9

oxygen deprivation is due to ___ and ___

Answer 9

1. hypoxia: low oxygen, eg. anemia, CO poisoning

OR

2. ischemia: low O2 but due to loss of blood supply. either by arterial obstruction or venous drainage impairment

Question 10

physical agents of cell injury are 5–

Answer 10

1. mechanical stress/ trauma
2. extreme temperatures: cold/ hot
3. radiation: solar/nuclear/therapeutic
4. electric shock
5. changes in atmospheric pressure: decompression sickness

Question 11

decompression sickness(bends) note

Answer 11

*formation of nitrogen bubbles in blood and tissues due to sudden drop in atmospheric pressure during deep sea diving.
*characterized by joint pain, itching/ skin irritation, cramps, numbness or paralysis.

Question 12

chemical agents and drugs that cause cell injury

Answer 12

-poisons like mercuric salts, cyanide, arsenic
-env and air pollutants
-insecticides and herbicides
-industrial hazards like CO, smoke, asbestos
-social stimuli- alcohol, tobacco
- medicinal drugs

Question 13

immunologic reactions causing cell injury

Answer 13

1. allergic reactions, eg penicillin
2. autoimmune conditions like hashimoto’s thyroiditis and rheumatoid arthritis