L1

Question 1

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 1

• conditions with onset in the developmental period (often before child enters school)
• characterised by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic or occupational functioning.

Question 2

Development gone awry can manifest as

Answer 2

Quantitative differences
-developmental delay: slow to walk, talk, etc.
-regression: develops normally than loses skills, usually happens at around 2-3 years. E.g. autism
-asynchrony: slow development in some areas and typical development in others. E.g. Down syndrome.
Qualitative differences:
-developmental deviation: e.g. Child with autism walks on toes instead of normally, avoids eye-contact and loud noises.

Question 3

Research on developmental disorders aims to

Answer 3

• Define normal and abnormal behaviour for children differing in age, sex and ethnic background.
• Identify causes and correlates of abnormal behaviour
• Predict long-term outcomes.
• Develop and evaluate methods or treatment or prevention.

Question 4

Traditional models of child psychopathology

Answer 4

• Behavioural
• Attachment and parenting
• Family-based
• Biological
• Cognitive

Question 5

Eclectic approach to understanding developmental disorders

Answer 5

Recognition that a range of factors interact to influence development

Question 6

Key ideas in developmental psychopathology

Answer 6

• Developmental pathways
• Equifinality and multifinality
• risk factors
• protective factors
• resilience
• comorbidity

Question 7

Developmental pathways

Answer 7

• Pathways refers to the sequence and timing of particular behaviours as well as the r/ships b/w behaviours over time.
• Various developmental pathways, including: multifinality and equifinality.

Question 8

Multifinality

Answer 8

Different outcomes stemming from similar beginnings.

E.g. Domestic violence for 2 children -> 1 aggressive and the other depressed.

Question 9

Equifinality

Answer 9

Similar outcomes stem from different early experiences and developmental pathways.

Question 10

Risk factors

Answer 10

Any condition or circumstance that ⬆️s the probability of a disorder developing.

• Biological - e.g. Genetic loading due to presence of the disorder in a sibling; premature birth
• Psychological - e.g. Low intelligence; low self-esteem
• Family - e.g. Parental neglect
• Socio-cultural -e.g. Poverty, alcohol consumption.

Question 11

Protective factors

Answer 11

Any condition or circumstance that ⬇️s the probability of a disorder developing.

• Biological - e.g. Absence of family history of the disorder
• Psychological - e.g. Above-average intelligence; high self-esteem
• Family - e.g. Dedicated and loving parents.
• Socio-cultural -e.g. High SES neighbourhood; strong extended family support; high standards of schooling.

Question 12

Resilience

Answer 12

Ability to counter misfortune

-associated with strong self-confidence, coping skills, avoiding risk situations.

Question 13

Comorbidity

Answer 13

Refers to the co-occurrence of two disorders.