L1-4

Question 1

valley fever?

Answer 1

coccidioidomycosis

Question 2

top 3 diseases in USA

Answer 2

1. Chlamydia 2. Gonorrhea 3. AIDS

Question 3

Most common infection in world

Answer 3

TB

Question 4

Gram Positive Cocci

Answer 4

Staph aureus Strep pyogenes

Question 5

Gram Negative cocci

Answer 5

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, meningitidis

Question 6

Gram positive bacilli

Answer 6

Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani

Question 7

Acid-fast bacilli

Answer 7

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 8

Actinomycetes

Answer 8

Actinomyces israelii

Question 9

Spirochetes

Answer 9

Treponema pallidum Borrelia burdorferi

Question 10

Mycoplasmas

Answer 10

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 11

Chlamydiae

Answer 11

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 12

Rickettsiae

Answer 12

Rikettsia rickettsii

Question 13

Answer 13

staph aureus

Question 14

Answer 14

strep pyogenes

“strep throat”

Question 15

Answer 15

TB

Question 16

Answer 16

2ndary syphils

treponema pallidum

spirochete

Question 17

capnophiles

Answer 17

neisseria

haemophilus

helicobacter

capnocytophaga

Question 18

halophiles

Answer 18

require salt

Question 19

antigen

Answer 19

any molecule (protein, polysaccharide, lipid) that can be bound by an antibody, T cell receptor, or MHC

Question 20

Immunogen

Answer 20

antigens that bind and generate immune response

Question 21

epitope

Answer 21

molecular region of antigen that binds receptor

Question 22

Antigenic drift

Answer 22

Bacteria and viruses

accumulated point mutations over time

antigenically distinct strains

reason for yearly flu vaccine

E. coli, O antigen in LPS
Strep pyogenes: pilin m protein
Influenza virus: H antigen

Question 23

Hemagluttinin

Answer 23

glycoprotein

attaches to host receptors

Question 24

Neurominidase

Answer 24

Enzyme on glycoprotein

Releases virus from host

Question 25

Antigenic Shift

Answer 25

Viruses only

Reassortment of viral chromosomes

possible pandemic

(H5N1, H7N2)

Question 27

Antigenic Switching

Question 28

Phase variation: gene on or off

ex: UPEC phase on = fimbriae
off = no fimbriae

Question 29

Gene Conversion / Cassette Mechanism

Question 30

“gene shuffling”

recombination within group of gene

might be 20 genes for pilin, change which one is expressed

Question 31

Gene conversion examples

Answer 31

N. gonorrhoeae

_Borrelia recurrentis_ (spirochete)
variant surface antigen (relapsing fever)

Plasmodium falciparum (malaria)
generates variable surface antigen (VSG)
detectable antigen - surface RBC
(hides from immune system)

Trypanosoma brucei
African sleeping sickness

Question 32

Homologous recomb.

Answer 32

Requires similare sequence, replaces homologous gene on chromosome

Question 33

Non-homologous recomb.

Answer 33

Site directed

No Rec proteins

Addition not replacement of DNA

Question 35

NH recomb. examples

Question 36

bacteriophage, plasmids, other MGEs

Question 37

MGEs that are not replicons

Answer 37

replicate nucleic acids autonomously (non-homologous)

1. Insertion Sequence (IS)
2. Transposon (Tn)
3. Pathogenicity Island (PAI)
   ex: ETEC, UPEC

Question 38

MGEs that are replicons

Answer 38

Plasmids and Bacteriophages

replication depends on host machinary

Question 39

Plasmid examples and exception

Answer 39

B. burgdorferi (lyme disease)
has linear and circular plasmids, linear chromosomes (spirochete)

Tetanus: neurotoxin

Exfoliative toxin: staph aurea

Enterotoxins: E. coli

Question 41

Bacteriophages

Answer 41

Bacterial viruses

uses host machinary to rep DNA and assemble virus particles

lytic or lysogenic cycle