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Biochemistry > L1 > Flashcards

L1 Flashcards

1
Q

Genome is comprised of both ___
and ___ genomes.

A

nuclear and mitochondrial genomes

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2
Q

Each cell contains __# nuclear genome
located in nucleus

A

1

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3
Q

Nuclear genome is compromised of # copies

A

2

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4
Q

Each cell contains # nuclear genome
Composed of # copies .

A

1
2

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5
Q

each cell contains # copies of mitochondria.

A

Many

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6
Q

Each mitochondrion is estimated to contain # copies of
mt-DNA.

A

2-10

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7
Q

each cell is estimated to contain # copies of mt-DNA.

A

1k-10k

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8
Q

DNA copies
Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

2 copies
Several copies

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9
Q

Structure

Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

Linear circular

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10
Q

of genes

Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

30k 37 genes

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11
Q

coding region %
Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

2% 97%

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12
Q

Mode of inheritance
Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

Father and Mother 2n — mother only n

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13
Q

contains all DNA including the protein coding genes

A

Genome

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14
Q

___contain only protein coding DNA

A

Genes

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15
Q

In an organism
___ genome is present while ___ gene is present

A

1, thousands

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16
Q

genome is present in an organism while # gene is present

A

1 , thousands

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17
Q

DNA fibrils are __ meters long with __ base pairs

A

2
3 billion

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18
Q

Linear chromatin =

A

DNA fibers

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19
Q

Mention the function of H1, H2A, H2B, H3, & H4

A

H1: binds on the linker site and protects the
nucleosomes from becoming a mess / tangle

The rest: tightly pack Linear chromatin (DNA) fibers

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20
Q

How to form an octamer protein complex?

A

Dimers of H2A, H2B, H3, & H4

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21
Q

What is the function of octamers

A

Bind and wrap the dna around twice

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22
Q

complex of histone proteins + DNA =

A

nucleosomes

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23
Q

Nucleosomes are separated by

A

30-bp linker DNA

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24
Q

nucleosomes condense further to form > ___ > this structure further condenses to form > ___

A

loop like structure > sister chromatids like in metaphase

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25
Q

Metaphase chromosomes are used in _ to identify _

A

karyotyping
Chromosome structure and numerical abnormalities

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26
Q

When a double stranded DNA in solution is heated, the ___ holding the two strands together starts breaking. This is known as __

A

Hydrogen bonds
Denaturation

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27
Q

2x strand DNA > 1x Strand DNA =

A

DNA denaturation

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28
Q

Describe renaturation

A

When the denatured DNA in solution is cooled down (20C) complementary single strand DNA can reform into double stranded DNA with hydrogen bonding in the presence of water.

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29
Q

Denaturation of a DNA at particular temperature depends on the

A

G-C and A-T contents of a DNA. The more G-C bases the higher the temperature needed&raquo_space; they have three hydrogen bonds

30
Q

DNA containing A-T base pairs melts at about #

DNA containing G-C base pairs melts at over#

A

70
95

31
Q

What is melting temperature?

A

Temperature at which the DNA strands are half denatured

32
Q

T/F

Melting temperature varies to each organism’s DNA based on their G-C / A-T contents

A

T

33
Q

the significances of the denaturation and renaturation properties of DNA

A

Hybridization
PCR

34
Q

What is a big difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene structures?

A

Prokaryotes have no introns, coding region is directly translated

35
Q

A scientist is trying to identify the genome of a cell. The entire genome was Coding regions and he did not find any non-coding regions what type of cell might this be

A

Prokaryotes

36
Q

A scientist is trying to translate an mRNA strand into protein. From a single mRNA strand three different proteins where translated what type of cell is this and what is this called

A

Prokaryotic cell
Polycistronic 

37
Q

A scientist is studying an mRNA strand from living organisms he found more than one translation site paid one mRNA strand what type of cell is this?

A

Prokaryotic

Check slide 25

38
Q

PCR STEPS (3)

A
  1. Denatureat95
  2. Cool down to 50 and allow to renature with primer sequence.
  3. Polymerase extends the primer and synthesizes the complementary DNA.
39
Q

A scientist want to identify what type of nucleic acid is being examined, he found introns, a promoter region, and transcription termination sites. What type of nucleic acid is this

A

Genes, because mRNA only contains:
exon,
5’UTR,
3’UTR

40
Q

Is the only thing that had introns

A

Genes of eukaryotic cells

41
Q

Non-coding genome includes

A

1- repetitive DNA
2- intron regulators
3- miscellaneous sequences

42
Q

Repetitive DNA includes

A

1-interspersed
2-tandem

43
Q

An example of the non-coding tandem repetitive DNA is __

A

Satellite

44
Q

Satellite DNA are repeated ___ in the genome and they are ___ to each other

A

Many times
Adjacent

45
Q

DNA repeat sequence is from __bp to __bp

A

1 - 300

46
Q

DNA repeat length ranges from __ to __ times

A

100- 100K

47
Q

Satellite DNA are mostly located in the___ because

A

heterochromatin regions of Human genome

Because of being non-coding

48
Q

Tandem repeats are satellite DNAs are classified in 2 ways

A

1- unit conservation
2-unit size (micro, mini, macro)

49
Q

Transposons are also known as__

A

“jumping genes”

50
Q

Transposons location:

A

dispersed throughout the genome

51
Q

Types of Transposons

A

DNA transposons (3%)

RNA transposons =(retrotransposons; 41%).

52
Q

Types of RNA transposons

A

LTR
Non- LTR (LINE SINE)

53
Q

The best example of interspersed repetitive DNA is __

A

Transposons

54
Q

What would happen if transposition occurred in a coding region vs non-coding region?

A

Coding—> protein formed may be altered and cancer may be formed

Non-coding—> safe

55
Q

How do DNA transposons move from one genomic location to other location?

A

Simple cut and paste mechanism

56
Q

Ho do RNA transposons move from one genomic location to other location?

A

Transcription

translation

reverse transcriptase encoded by transposon RNA—> DNA

Synthesis of the second DNA strand

insertion of retrotransposon DNA by integrase encoded by transposon

57
Q

Transposon encodes:

A

1- integrase
2- reverse transcriptase

58
Q

transposition effect the coding region of the genome

A. Transposition occurring in promoter region of a gene __

B. Transposition occurring in coding region of a gene___

C. Transposition occurring in intron/exon boundaries of a gene___

A

alters its gene expression

disrupts its protein sequences

disrupts its mRNA splicing

59
Q

T/F :Transposition occurring in introns always alter gene expression

A

F

60
Q

__% of genome contains junk DNA that includes

___% of genome contains gene related sequence that includes

A

60%, miscellaneous and repetitive

40%, :
2% coding 38% gene related

61
Q

The 2% of coding sequence of human showed ___ % homology with chimpanzee

A

98

62
Q

What part of the gene does human and chimpanzees share 98% of Homology

A

important functional coding sequences

63
Q

4.0 % of sequence differences were found to occur in the ___

A

41% of the retrotransposons.

64
Q

Briefly explain the difference genomic between chimpanzees and humans

A

The 2% coding region share 98% Homology.
 there is a 4% difference in the 41% retrotransposon MOSTLY in LINE1

65
Q

The 2% coding region that share 98% Homology. And the
4% difference in the 41% retrotransposon mostly in LINE1 concludes that Human evolutions took place. Mention two important drivers of that evolution

A

Natural selection pressure environmental stress

66
Q

___ is located in the hetrochromatin
___ is dispersed throughout the genome

A

Satellite (tandem, repp)
Transposons ( interspersed, repp)

67
Q

Alu belongs to

A

Sine

68
Q

What are the most repeated sequence located in HETROCHROMATIN (2020)
a.tandem repeats
bLINES
c.SINES
d.Alu elements

A

A

69
Q

T/F: coding region is directly translated in prokaryotes

A

T, no introns

70
Q

What is the significance of the annealing temperature in a pcr reaction

A

ensures primer binding

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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