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Theme 3 - 103 > L1 > Flashcards

L1 Flashcards

Introduction to circulation

1
Q

Circulation encompasses what organs and fluids? (4)

A

Lungs
Heart
Kidneys
Blood

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2
Q

Function of circulation (6)

A
  1. Supply oxygen, glucose and nutrients to tissues
  2. Remove waste
  3. Homeostasis of extracellular fluid (by kidneys)
  4. Hormone distribution
  5. Temperature regulation
  6. Defense against infections
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3
Q

What is perfusion and what does it require?

A

The flow of blood; a pressure difference

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4
Q

Hypertension leads to _______ because ______.

Hypotension leads to ________ because _______.

A

Vessel and heart damage; too much perfusion

Syncope (shock); too little perfusion

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5
Q

Right heart –> ____ circulation

Left heart –> ____ circulation

A

Pulmonary

Systemic

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6
Q

BP=

A

CO × PR

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7
Q

What occurs during systole in a blood pressure test?

A

Pressure in blood vessel greater than pressure in cuff so blood vessel opens blood vessel and blood flows (so is heard with the stethoscope).

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8
Q

How is the diastole recorded in a blood pressure test?

A

After systole is recorded, listen out for when no more sounds are heard. This is the diastolic point.

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9
Q

Outline the journey of blood from aorta to vena cava. (8)

A

Aorta 》large artery 》small artery 》arteriole 》capillaries 》venule 》vein 》vena cava

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10
Q

Function of aorta (2)

A

Stretch and recoil

Stores energy

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11
Q

Function of arteries (2)

A

Distribute blood

Volume adjust

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12
Q

Function of arterioles (2)

A

Resistance

Set blood pressure and total peripheral resistance

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13
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Exchange (nutrient, gas, fluids)

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14
Q

Function of venules (2)

A

Collect blood

Some exchange

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15
Q

Function of veins (3)

A 
Reservoir for blood
Muscle pump (using nearby muscle to help blood movement upwards to heart)
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16
Q

Describe the layers of an artery from outside to inside. (3)

A

Tunica adventitia 》Tunica media (smooth muscle and external elastic layer)》Tunica intima (internal elastic layer and endothelium)

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17
Q

Describe the characteristics of an arteriole. (3)

A

Little connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Endothelium

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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of a capillary. (1)

A

Endothelium

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19
Q

Describe the characteristics of a venule. (3)

A

Connective tissue
Little smooth muscle
Endothelium

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20
Q

Describe the characteristics of a vein. (3)

A

Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Endothelium

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21
Q

Which vessels have valves and which don’t to prevent backflow of blood?

A

Valves = veins

No valves = arteries and capillaries

22
Q 
Pulmonary circulation:
right/left ventricle
thin/thick walled
crescent/circular X-section
lungs only/multiple organs
variable flow/high flow
variable resistance/low resistance
A 
Right
Thin
Crescent
Lungs only
High flow
Low resistance
23
Q 
Systemic circulation:
right/left ventricle
thick/thin walled
crescent/circular X-section
multiple organs/lungs only
variable flow/high flow
variable resistance/low resistance
A 
Left
Thick
Circular
Multiple organs
Variable flow
Variable resistance
24
Q

What is a systole, how are papillary fibres involved and what sound is produced as a result?

A

Ventricle contraction to eject blood. Papillary fibres prolapse and the AV valves close producing a lub sound.

25
Q

A diastole is longer than a systole. What is a diastole and what sound is produced?

A

Ventricle relaxation to fill ventricles with blood. The semilunar valves close producing a dub sound.

26
Q

What is the apex beat?

A

During systole, the heart’s apex lunges forward and strikes the chest wall.

27
Q

Pressure of outflow > pressure of inflow, so valves…

A

Close

28
Q

What muscle prevents valve inversion during blood flow?

A

Chordae tendinae

29
Q

Which valve deviates from the three-leaflet rule?

A

Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

30
Q

Describe the journey of deoxygenated blood from vena cava. (7)

A

Vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs

31
Q

Describe the journey of oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins. (6)

A

Pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral (bicuspid) valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > body (systemic)

32
Q

Describe a heart contraction. (5)

A

External electrical stimulation of myocyte > free intracellular Ca2+ increases (intracell becomes positive and extracell becomes negative) > muscle contracts > Ca2+ removed > muscle relaxes

33
Q

Kidneys control…(2)

A

Blood volume

Ion, salts and electrolyte concentration

34
Q

Describe the filtration system of the kidneys.

A

Enter afferent arteriole > filtration (of H2O, C6H12O6 and ions through Bowman’s capsule; blood cells and protein remain behind) > reabsorption (of small molecules) > secretion (of excess fluid from peritubular capillaries) > excretion (of excess fluid and small molecules)

35
Q

Concentrated blood leaves via the ______.
______ goes in via the afferent arteriole.
What enters Bowman’s capsule?

A

Efferent arteriole
Whole blood
Ultrafiltrate

36
Q

How does the glomerular filtration rate affect urine production?

A

Increase in GFR causes increase in fluid movement through tubules

37
Q

What sounds are listened for during a blood pressure test?

A

Korotkoff sounds

38
Q

In terms of filtration rates, a small afferent artery =

A

Less filtration

39
Q

What are known as the formed elements within the blood?

A

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

40
Q

Blood pressure is determined by blood volume and circulatory capacity. What is circulatory capacity?

A

This is the space allowed for blood to flow.

41
Q

What two systems control the kidneys?

A

Endocrine & autonomic nervous system

42
Q

An increase in filtration rate at the glomerulus = ___ afferent arteriole and ___ efferent arteriole.

A

Dilated; Constricted

43
Q

What fault in the lungs leads to hypoxia, hypoxaemia and anoxia?

A

Failure of gas exchange

44
Q

Define ischaemia.

A

Insufficient blood flow to a region.

45
Q

Define anoxia.

A

Complete deprivation of O2 supply to a region.

46
Q

Define hypoxia.

A

Insufficient O2 supply to a region.

47
Q

What bodily malfunctions can lead to ischaemia? (4)

A

Insufficient pressure generation by the heart, blood vessel clog, vessel constriction, excess loss of blood (eg haemorrhage)

48
Q

Define hypoxaemia.

A

Too little O2 supply in the blood.

49
Q

Where does angina pectoris (chest pain) affect?

A

Left jawline, left pec and shoulders, and underarm straight down to fingers (spreading across the last two fingers)

50
Q

Angina pectoris cause and treatment…

A

Ischaemia of the heart due to a blocked coronary artery.

Nitrates

51
Q

Myocardial infarction cause and treatment…

A

Blocked coronary artery causing death in one region in the heart

MONA (morphine, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin)

52
Q

Heart failure consequences

A

Insufficient blood around the body, fatigue, oedema, dyspnoea (shortness of breath)

Theme 3 - 103 (2 decks)

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