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A&P - Health and Socail (HE) > L04 Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

L04 Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Function of cartilage

A

Protects bone from friction

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2
Q

Ball & socket joint

A

Joint can rotate 360 degrees
Both ball & socket are covered by cartilage
Between the bones & joint there is synovial fluid

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3
Q

Where are ball & socket joints found?

A

Hips & shoulder

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4
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Bones rotate around each other 360 degrees
Neck does not rotate fully
Bones are covered by cartilage

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5
Q

Where is a pivot joint found?

A

Neck

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6
Q

Hinge joints

A

Work like a lever

180 degree movement

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7
Q

Where are hinge joints?

A

Knee & elbow

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8
Q

Example of condyloid joint?

A

Wrist

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9
Q

Function of synovial fluid

A

Acts as a lubricant and shock absorber.

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10
Q

Function of the synovial capsule

A

Holds the bones in position and produces synovial fluid

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11
Q

Function of tendons

A

Connects muscle to bones
Not elastic so muscle can pull up on a bone

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12
Q

Function of ligaments

A

Connects bone to bone
Holds bone in position
Elastic & stretchy to allow movement

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13
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fragility and fractures

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14
Q

Symptoms of osteoporosis

A

No common symptoms

Fractures in the wrist and hip can be an indicator of

Curvature of the spine

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15
Q

Biological explanation of osteoporosis

A

Loss of protein matrix from the bone resulting in a loss of bone density - causing them to become brittle.

In women, menopause can cause the condition due to oestrogen levels dropping

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16
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A

Age
Genetics
Drinking & smoking
Eating disorders
Being female

17
Q

Monitoring osteoporosis

A

DEXA scans
Blood tests

18
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis

A

Vitamin D supplements
Bisphosphonates
Load bearing exercise
HRT after menopause
Physiotherapy

19
Q

Impact of osteoporosis

A

Tiredness
Poor mobility
Stooped posture
Fear of breaking bones
Unable to exercise
Having regular appointments
Social isolation

20
Q

Biological explanation for osteoarthritis

A

Cartilage is lost and bony growths develop causing inflammation

Cartilage becomes stiff, loses elasticity and wears away, as it does tendons and ligaments stretch causing bones to rub against each other

“wear and tear”

21
Q

Symptoms of osteoarthritis

A

Joint becomes painful & stiff
Joint tenderness
Cracking noises
Joints appear “knobbly”

22
Q

Causes of osteoarthritis

A

Age
Genetics
Obesity
Damage to joints

23
Q

Medication for osteoarthritis

A

Steroids (reduce swellling)
Painkillers
Corticosteroid injections (reduce swelling)
Supplements

24
Q

How can Physiotherapy help with osteoarthritis?

A

Joint manipulation (strengthen muscles to keep joints flexible) - but could cause more pan

Assistant equipment

TENS - device that gives electrical impulses to reduce pain

25
Q

Types of surgery to help with osteoarthritis

A

Arthroscopy - clean debris from joint

Arthroplasty - joint replacement

Osteotomy - bone cut & realigned

26
Q

Impact of osteoarthritis

A

Regular check ups
Taking care to avoid fractures
Lack of sleep due to pain
Use of wheelchair
Home adaptions

27
Q

Biological explanation for rheumatoid arthritis

A

AUTOIMMUNE
Immune system attack the cartilage around the joints and the synovial capsule becomes inflamed. Scar tissue replaces cartilage & the joint becomes misshapen.

28
Q

Function of the musculoskeletal system (4)

A

Protection
Movement
Support: hold organs in place & maintains posture
Blood Production:
WBC & RBC produced in the bone marrow

29
Q

How do bones develop through life?

A

In the womb the skeleton is made of cartilage

Collagen & chondrin remain in the bone after birth = elasticity

Osteoblasts invade the cartilage and deposit minerals

Osteoblasts turn into osteocytes and help to keep the bone in shape

Osteoclasts remove bone

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together and oestrogen promotes activity of osteoblasts

But menopause causes activity to increase from osteoclasts

30
Q

What does antagonistic muscle pairs mean?

A

Skeletal muscles work opposite each other in pairs.

31
Q

What does the agonist muscle do

A

Contract

32
Q

What does the antagonistic muscle do?

A

Relaxes

33
Q

Action of actin & myosin

A

Myosin and actin slide over each other to shorten the muscle fibres

Muscle fibres contracts

Pulling force in the opposite direction is needed to increase the length of the muscle

A&P - Health and Socail (HE) (6 decks)

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