L04 Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Function of cartilage
Protects bone from friction
Ball & socket joint
Joint can rotate 360 degrees
Both ball & socket are covered by cartilage
Between the bones & joint there is synovial fluid
Where are ball & socket joints found?
Hips & shoulder
Pivot Joint
Bones rotate around each other 360 degrees
Neck does not rotate fully
Bones are covered by cartilage
Where is a pivot joint found?
Neck
Hinge joints
Work like a lever
180 degree movement
Where are hinge joints?
Knee & elbow
Example of condyloid joint?
Wrist
Function of synovial fluid
Acts as a lubricant and shock absorber.
Function of the synovial capsule
Holds the bones in position and produces synovial fluid
Function of tendons
Connects muscle to bones
Not elastic so muscle can pull up on a bone
Function of ligaments
Connects bone to bone
Holds bone in position
Elastic & stretchy to allow movement
What is osteoporosis?
Low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fragility and fractures
Symptoms of osteoporosis
No common symptoms
Fractures in the wrist and hip can be an indicator of
Curvature of the spine
Biological explanation of osteoporosis
Loss of protein matrix from the bone resulting in a loss of bone density - causing them to become brittle.
In women, menopause can cause the condition due to oestrogen levels dropping
Causes of osteoporosis
Age
Genetics
Drinking & smoking
Eating disorders
Being female
Monitoring osteoporosis
DEXA scans
Blood tests
Treatment for osteoporosis
Vitamin D supplements
Bisphosphonates
Load bearing exercise
HRT after menopause
Physiotherapy
Impact of osteoporosis
Tiredness
Poor mobility
Stooped posture
Fear of breaking bones
Unable to exercise
Having regular appointments
Social isolation
Biological explanation for osteoarthritis
Cartilage is lost and bony growths develop causing inflammation
Cartilage becomes stiff, loses elasticity and wears away, as it does tendons and ligaments stretch causing bones to rub against each other
“wear and tear”
Symptoms of osteoarthritis
Joint becomes painful & stiff
Joint tenderness
Cracking noises
Joints appear “knobbly”
Causes of osteoarthritis
Age
Genetics
Obesity
Damage to joints
Medication for osteoarthritis
Steroids (reduce swellling)
Painkillers
Corticosteroid injections (reduce swelling)
Supplements
How can Physiotherapy help with osteoarthritis?
Joint manipulation (strengthen muscles to keep joints flexible) - but could cause more pan
Assistant equipment
TENS - device that gives electrical impulses to reduce pain
Types of surgery to help with osteoarthritis
Arthroscopy - clean debris from joint
Arthroplasty - joint replacement
Osteotomy - bone cut & realigned
Impact of osteoarthritis
Regular check ups
Taking care to avoid fractures
Lack of sleep due to pain
Use of wheelchair
Home adaptions
Biological explanation for rheumatoid arthritis
AUTOIMMUNE
Immune system attack the cartilage around the joints and the synovial capsule becomes inflamed. Scar tissue replaces cartilage & the joint becomes misshapen.
Function of the musculoskeletal system (4)
Protection
Movement
Support: hold organs in place & maintains posture
Blood Production:
WBC & RBC produced in the bone marrow
How do bones develop through life?
In the womb the skeleton is made of cartilage
Collagen & chondrin remain in the bone after birth = elasticity
Osteoblasts invade the cartilage and deposit minerals
Osteoblasts turn into osteocytes and help to keep the bone in shape
Osteoclasts remove bone
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together and oestrogen promotes activity of osteoblasts
But menopause causes activity to increase from osteoclasts
What does antagonistic muscle pairs mean?
Skeletal muscles work opposite each other in pairs.
What does the agonist muscle do
Contract
What does the antagonistic muscle do?
Relaxes
Action of actin & myosin
Myosin and actin slide over each other to shorten the muscle fibres
Muscle fibres contracts
Pulling force in the opposite direction is needed to increase the length of the muscle
