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PSYC 100 > L02 > Flashcards

L02 Flashcards

1
Q

Which psychologist is associated with structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

What did Wundt believe psychology was?

A

The discipline studying conscious experience

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3
Q

Who established the first psychological research laboratory in Leipzig in 1879?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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4
Q

How many pages did Wilhelm Wundt write about psychology?

A

Over 50k

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5
Q

What is Wilhelm Wundt’s view on psychology?

A

Structuralism

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6
Q

Wilhelm Wundt believed that conscious mental states could be analyzed using the method of ______.

A

Introspection

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7
Q

What is introspection?

A

A technique requiring intensive training to analyze conscious experience into its basic elements

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8
Q

In introspection, what are the raw sensory content of consciousness, without meaning?

A

Sensations

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9
Q

What does structuralism imply?

A

That consciousness (or other complex mental phenomena) can be analyzed into a set of basic, constituting elements

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10
Q

According to structuralism, all conscious thoughts and perceptions were thought to be _____ of sensations

A

combinations

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11
Q

Which psychologist is associated with functionalism?

A

William James

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12
Q

Who established the first psychological research laboratory in 1875?

A

William James

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13
Q

Who wrote one of the first textbooks “Principles of Psychology”, in which he famously defined psychology as “the science of mental life”?

A

William James

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14
Q

What does functionalism imply?

A

That the emphasis in psychology should be on the purpose and utility of behavior, not structure (as opposed to structuralism)

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15
Q

Who said that consciousness does not appear to be chopped up in bits, it is nothing joined, it rather flows, like a river or a stream?

A

William James

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16
Q

What is consciousness according to William James?

A

It is the stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life

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17
Q

What is structuralism’s view on psychology?

A

The task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related

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18
Q

What is the method of analysis in structuralism?

A

Introspection, systematic self-observation

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19
Q

What is the problem of introspection?

A

There is no objective, independent evaluation and reproducibility is low

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20
Q

What is functionalism’s view on psychology?

A

Psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure

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21
Q

What was functionalism influenced by?

A

Darwin’s work on natural selection. Heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive
advantage are morel likely to be passed on to subsequent
generations

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22
Q

According to structuralism, the typical characteristics of a species must serve some _____.

A

purpose

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23
Q

Where did structuralists normally work?

A

In laboratories

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24
Q

What were functionalists interested in?

A

Functionalists
were more interested in how people adapt their behavior to the
demands of the real word surrounding them

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25
Q

What new subjects did functionalists introduce in psychology?

A

Mental testing, developmental patterns in children,
education, behavioral differences between the sexes

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26
Q

What is a ressemblance and a difference between stucturalists and functionalists?

A

Functionalists and structuralists often use the same technique, namely decomposing something into its constituent elements. Functionalists,
however, do this to arrive at a description of what the purpose is,
not how it is constructed.

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27
Q

In the alien spaceship analogy, what would be stucturalism?

A

Looking at the elements that make up the spaceship

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28
Q

In the alien spaceship analogy, what would be functionalism?

A

Looking at what the spaceship’s parts are for

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29
Q

Which psychologist is associated with behaviourism?

A

John B Watson

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30
Q

What did Watson make research on?

A

Non-human animals

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31
Q

Who shifted focus away form philosophy toward biology for the field of psychology?

A

John B Watson

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32
Q

Who criticized introspection as based on private
experiences, which are inaccessible to the
investigator?

A

John B Watson

33
Q

Who redefined psychology in the behaviorist manifesto in 1913?

A

John B Watson

34
Q

What is psychology according to John B Watson?

A

Psychology as the behaviorist views it
is a purely objective natural science. Its
theoretical goal is the prediction and control
of behavior

35
Q

What 3 key points are written in the behaviorist manifesto?

A
  1. Psychology must be purely objective, excluding all subjective data or interpretations in terms of conscious experience
  2. The goal of psychology should be to predict and control behavior
  3. There is not qualitative distinction between human and non-
    human behavior. Human behavior is just a more complex form of behavior of other species. The difference is quantitative, not qualitative.
36
Q

Which psychologist is associated with gestaltpsychology?

A

Max Wertheimer

37
Q

Gestalt is german for which word?

A

Form

38
Q

What is the central dogma of gestaltpsychology?

A

The whole is more than the sum of its parts.
1. We perceive whole forms and not the parts of which they are constructed
2. What we perceive depends on the context

39
Q

What are the Gestalt principles?

A

Built-in processes that organize our perception

40
Q

Wertheimer’s studies on the ___ _____ are considered the beginning of Gestaltpsychology in 1912.

A

Phi effect

41
Q

What does the phi phenomenon refer to?

A

An optical illusion of movement. When separate stationary stimuli are shown
shortly after one another then we perceive them as continuously moving. Instead of two different and separate stimuli, we mistakenly
perceive movement of the same stimulus

42
Q

At what time interval between a shown stimuli do humans have the perception of movement?

A

Between 30 and
200 ms

43
Q

What did Wertheimer propose as a reason for the phi effect?

A

He proposed that visual perceptions decay slower than the actual stimulus that gave rise to them. Therefore, we have illusion of continuous motion when the stimulus shows up
again during the decay time in a different place or orientation

44
Q

What influenced the psychological study of perception in later years?

A

Gestaltpsychology

45
Q

What is the psychophysiological model?

A

A form of reductionism. It is an attempt to explain human behavior by recourse to its biological basis

46
Q

Which model was applied to explain the neurobiology of memory, using the sea slug Aplysia California as a model organism?

A

The psychophysiological model

47
Q

Reductionist methods in the psychophysiological model advance through ____ of analysis.

A

levels

48
Q

Who was awarded the Nobel Price in 2000 for his research on Aplysia California?

A

Eric Kandel

49
Q

What 4 assumptions are made in the psychophysiological model?

A
  1. Psychological phenomena can be explained in terms of physical and biochemical processes
  2. Complex phenomena can be sufficiently explained by reducing them to more
    elemental phenomena on more basic levels of analysis
  3. Any form of behavior is determined by physiological structures and partly
    inherited physiological processes
  4. Experience can modify behavior by changing the physical and
    biochemical structures and processes that underpin behavior
50
Q

According to the psychodynamic model, what 2 things does human behavior arises from?

A
  1. Inherited, biologically inflexible
    drives and reflexes
  2. The attempt to solve conflicts between
    the individual and society concerning the individual’s needs and
    wishes and society’s demands for socially adapted behavior.
51
Q

According to the psychodynamic model, behavior results from _____ and _____.

A

tension, conflict

52
Q

What is the key concept of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Motivation. According to this model, actions will stop when all needs are fulfilled because then there is no motivation anymore to act.

53
Q

Who founded the first major movement in clinical psychology in modern history and what was it?

A

Sigmund Freud for the psychodynamic model

54
Q

Who developed psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

55
Q

What did Freud’s work focus on?

A

The unconscious, as the main motor of behavior

56
Q

What 3 elements does our Psyche consist of according to Freud?

A
  1. Id. Follows the pleasure principle.
    Attempts to avoid pain and increase pleasure.
    Primal drives, basic nature.
  2. Superego: Morality, conscience, ideals,
    aspirations (your perfect self).
  3. Ego: Reason and self-control, tries to
    mediate superego and id.
57
Q

In psychoanalysis, most of our psyche is _____.

A

unconscious

58
Q

Psychoanalysis aims to make the unconscious _____.

A

conscious, so that its influence on behavior can be controlled.

59
Q

In psychoanalysis, we assume that humans are by nature _____ and _____ and driven by _____ _____.

A

agressive, evil, sexual impulses

60
Q

What is the proper level of analysis according to the behaviorist model?

A

The overt and observable behavior

61
Q

What is the behaviorist model?

A

Behaviorism tries to determine what factors in the environment control behavior.
Inner factors, such as motivations and emotions, cannot be subject of analysis because
they cannot be directly observed

62
Q

What is the ABC of psychology?

A

-Antecedent conditions that precede behavior
-the Behavioral response
-the Consequences that follow

63
Q

What is the basic model of behaviorism?

A

The relation between stimulus and response (S-R model)

64
Q

What does classical behaviorism assume?

A

That behavior is completely determined by antecedent conditions

65
Q

In what model are humans considered neither good or evil, they just react to these conditions?

A

The behaviorist model

66
Q

What model does Pavlov’s experiment follow?

A

The behaviorist model

67
Q

What model does the experiment of “Little Albert” follow?

A

The behaviorist model

68
Q

Which model assumes that cognitions are the
principal subject matter of psychology?

A

The cognitive model

69
Q

According to the cognitive model, cognitions are all _____.

A

processes

70
Q

According to the cognitive model, behavior can be explained by ______ _____ _____.

A

analysis information processing

71
Q

What model replaced behaviorisms as the most influential model?

A

The cognitive model

72
Q

What model does the McGurk effect fit in?

A

The cognitive model

73
Q

According to which model do humans create/construct their subjective reality?

A

The cognitive model

74
Q

What does the cognitive model compare the brain (and memory) to?

A

A digital computer

75
Q

What model is an alternative to the pessimistic view espoused by the psychodynamic model, and to the environmental determinism of behaviorism?

A

The humanistic model

76
Q

What does the humanistic model assume?

A

That humans are neither motivated by strong deterministic biological drives nor environmental factors. Rather, they are active beings, naturally good and equipped with free will. Humans strive for the good and to realize their potential fully, they seek
change and self-realization.

77
Q

What does the humanistic model concentrate on?

A

The phenomenological world (the
world experienced by the subject)

78
Q

What are the 5 needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological, security, social, self-esteem, self-actualization

PSYC 100 (1 decks)

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