L to J - All words Flashcards
Rain containing high amounts of chemical pollutants from the burning of fossil fuels
acid rain
An active effort to improve educational and employment opportunities for minority groups and women
affirmative action
The state of having much wealth
affluence
A chemical herbicide used to clear jungle growth in the Vietnam War
agent orange
A system of transporting food and supplies by aircraft into an area otherwise impossible to reach
airlift
Defense agreements among nation
alliance system
The granting of pardon to a large number of persons; protection of prosecution for an illegal act
amnesty
Person who believes that there should be no government
anarchist
Disorder and lawlessness
anarchy
Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews
anti-semitism
Racial separation and economic and political discrimination against nonwhites, a policy formerly practiced in the republic of South Africa
apartheid
Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict
appeasement
Settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider
arbitration
A temporary peace agreement to end fighting
armistice
The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to build more weapons in an effort to surpass the others military strength
arms race
A system with machines and workers arranged so that each person performs an assigned task again and again as items pass before him or her
assembly line
To absorb a group into the culture of a larger population
assimilate
Government in which one person has unlimited power
autocracy
The distribution of power among nations so that no single can dominate or interfere with another
balance of power
The condition of being unable to pay one’s debts; one’s property is managed or sold to pay those whom one owes money
bankruptcy
Laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers
black codes
List of persons who are disapproved of and are punished, such as being refused jobs
blacklist
Name given to the sudden, violent offensive attacks the Germans used during World War 2
blitzkrieg
Cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out; to close off a country’s ports
blockade
To refuse in order to show disapproval or force acceptance of one’s terms
boycott
The amount by which government spending exceeds revenue
budget deficit
An economic system based on private property and free enterprise
capitalism
Northerner who moved to the south after the civil war
carpetbagger
Farm crop raised to be sold for money
cash crop
To express formal disapproval of some action
censure
Protective measures taken in case of attack
civil defense
Refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust as a nonviolent way to the press
civil disobedience
A workplace in which the employer by agreement hires only union members
closed shop
A group united for action
coalition
A struggle over political differences between nations carried on by methods short of war
cold war
Discussion between an employer and union representatives of workers over wages, hours, and working conditions
collective bargaining
Prison camps used to hold people for political reasons
concentration camps
Person who refuses military service on the basis of moral and religious beliefs
conscientious objector
The protection and preservation of natural resources
conservation
The practice of combining separate companies into one
consolidation
The policy or process of preventing the expansion of natural resources
containment
A group that travels with something, such as a ship, to protect it
convoy
Store where farmers bought products from each other; an enterprise owned and operated by those who use it services
cooperative
A business in which investors own shares
corporation
Dishonest or illegal actions
corruption
A social movement whose values go against those of established society
counter culture
Military or political activities intend to combat terrorism
counterterrorism
Lack of belief; a term used to describe the lack of trust in the Johnson administration’s statements about the Vietnam War
credibility gap
To fail to meet an obligation, especially a financial one
default
An excuse, issued by the draft board the lets a person be excused from military service for various reasons
defernment
The shortage that occurs when spending is greater than income
deficit
The government spending more money than it takes in
deficit spending
A region where no military forces or weapons are permitted
demilitarized zone
The act of cutting the restrictions and regulations that government places on business
deregulation
- To end the practice separating or isolating people of different races
desegregate
A policy which attempts to relax or ease tensions between nations
detente
leader who rules with total authority, often in a cruel or brutal manner
dictator
removal of weapons
disarmament
Unfair treatment of a group; unequal treatment because of a person’s race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth
discrimination
Disagreement with or opposition to an opinion
dissent
A stockholder’s share of a company’s profits, usually as a cash payment
divident
To send out of a country aliens who are considered dangerous
deport
A policy of joining the business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad
dollar diplomacy
The practice of companies laying off workers to become more efficient and to increase their earnings
downsize
The way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture
dry farming
An order prohibiting trade with another country
embargo
To leave one’s place of residence or country to live somewhere
emigrate
To increase or expand
escalate
spying
espionage
A minority that speaks a different language or follows different customs than the majority of people in a country. People who share a common language and traditions
ethnic group
The scientific theory of that humans and other living things have evolved over time
evolution
A rule issued by a chief executive that has the force of law
executive order
President Nixon’s belief that all white house conversations should be kept secret to protect national security
executive prvilege
A policy that calls for expanding a nation’s boundaries
expansionism
A person who gives up his or her home country and chooses to live in another country
expatriate
A political system, headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance for opposition
fascism
A person with extremely nationalistic views
fascist
The amount of money owed by the government
federal debt
A person who advocates or is active in promoting women’s rights
feminist
A young woman of the 1920’s who defied conventions in her behavior and dress
flapper
The absence of trade barriers so that goods flow freely among countries
free trade
A person who believes in the literal meaning of religious texts and follows strict obedience to religious laws
fundamentalist
The deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural groups
genocide
The idea that the world’s economies and societies are all a part of one big system
globalism
A steady increase in average world temperatures
global warming
A clause that allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before reconstruction began
grandfather clause
People at the local level organizing for political reasons
grassroots movement
The value of all the goods and services produced in a nation in a one-year period
gross domestic product
The total value of all goods and services produced by a nation’s residents during a year, regardless of where production takes place
gross national product
A hit-and-run technique used in fighting warfare; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes
guerrilla warfare
The name given to the mass slaughter of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War 2
Holocaust
To acquire a piece of U.S public land by living and cultivating it
homestead
Rights regarded as belonging to all persons, such as freedom from unlawful imprisonment, torture, and execution
human rights
To formally charge a public official with misconduct in office
impeach
The action used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over smaller or weaker nations
imperialism
A continuous rise in the price of goods and services
inflation
The right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voters or the legislature for approval
initiative
A court order to stop an action, such as a strike
injunction
A system for buying goods in which customers promise to pay small regular amounts over a period of time
installment buying
A person who revolts against civil authority; rebel
insurgent
To end separation of different races and bring into equal membership in society
integrate
Detention center where Japanese Americans were moved to and confined during World War 2
internment camp
Across state lines; connecting or existing between two state lines
interstate
A political and military barrier that isolate Soviet controlled countries of eastern Europe after World War 2
iron curtain
A strategy used during World War 2 that called for attacking and capturing certain key islands and using these islands as bases to leapfrog to others
island hopping
a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs
isolationism
American music developed from ragtime and blues with African rhythms
jazz
Emperor; the leader of Germany from 1871 to 1918
kaiser
During World War 2, a Japanese suicide pilot whose mission was to crash into his target
kamikaze
Originally, an agricultural college established as a result of the 1862 Morrill Act that gave states large amounts of federal land that could be sold to raise money for education
land grant college
American who has come to the United States from or is descended from people who came from Latin America or Spain
latino
To hand over property in return for rent
lease
High walls or an embankment to prevent flooding in low-lying areas
levee
A method used to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring prospective voters to read and write at a specified level
literacy test
The herding of cattle for 1,000 miles or more to meet the railroad
long drive
Putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob
lynching
The law applied by military forces in occupied territory or in an emergency
martial law
Types of communication that reach large numbers of people, such as newspapers, radio, and television
mass media
The production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line
mass production
Attaching too much importance to physical possessions and comforts
materialism
A social program that gives the states money to help those who cannot afford to pay for their hospital bills
medicaid
a social program that helps pay for the elderly
medicare
The combining of two or more businesses into one
merger
A person who moves from place to place to find work harvesting fruits and vegetables
migrant worker
A building up of military strength within a country
militarism
Gathering resources and preparing for war
mobilization
America’s first mass production car made by the Ford Motor Company
Model T
Total control of a type of industry by one person or one company
monopoly
A journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society
muckraker
An explosive material dropped from planes during the Vietnam War
napalm
The first farmers’ organization in the United States
national grange
Intense loyalty to one’s nation or group and promotion of its interests above all others
nationalism
The right of people to decide how they should be governed
National self-determination
The belief that those born in a country are superior to immigrants
nativism
market in which a few large companies control prices for an industry
oligopoly
To return or defeat, as a bill proposed in congress
override
Person opposed to the use of war or violence to settle disputes
pacifist
A sum paid regularly to a person, usually after retirement
pension
Lying when one has sworn an oath to tell the truth
perjury
A tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote
poll tax
A level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to government standards
poverty line
How much work each worker does
productivity
The nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor in the United States that went into effect when the eighteenth amendment was ratified
prohibition
Ideas or information designed and spread to influence opinion
propaganda
A country that is technically independent, but is actually under the control of another country
protectorate
temporary government
provisional government
Projects such as highways, parks, and libraries built with public funds for public use
public works
An arrangement placing a limit on the number of immigrants from each country
quota system
A type of music with a strong rhythm and a lively melody with accented notes, which was popular in early 1900s
ragtime
Powerful and aggressive businessmen who controlled the nation’s railroads
railroad baron
To give out scarce items on a limited basis
ration
An approach to literature and the arts that shows things as they really are
realism
Discount or return part of a payment
rebate
The right that enables voters to remove elected officials from office
recall
A downward turn in business activity
recession
The reorganization and rebuilding of the former confederate states after the civil war.
Reconstruction
The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature
referendum
Art or literature focused on a particular region of the country
regionalism
Aid for the needy; welfare
relief
Payment by a defeated aggressor nation for damages caused by war
reparations
An area of public lands set aside for Native Americans
reservation
Money raised from federal taxes and given to the states for use at the state and local levels
revenue sharing
The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group
segregation
Institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English
settlement house
System of farming in which a farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop
sharecropping
A person who invests in a corporation by buying stock and is a partial owner
shareholders
The act of occupying seat or sitting on the floor of an establishment as a form of organized protest
sit-in
Poor, crowded, and rundown urban neighborhoods
slum
Person who believes industries should be publicly owned and run by the government rather than by private individuals
socialist
- Section of a country where one foreign nation enjoys special rights and powers
spheres of influence
Theodore Roosevelt’s promise of fair and equal treatment for all
square deal
A situation during a conflict when action stops because both sides are equally powerful and neither will give in
stalemate
Cramped quarters on a ship’s lower deck for passengers paying the lowest fares
steerage
Shares of ownership a company sells in its business which often carry voting power
stock
A place where shares in corporations are bought and sold through an organized system
stock exchange
Person hired to replace a striking worker in order to break up a strike
strikebreaker
Grant of money from the government to a person or a company for an action intended to benefit the public
subsidy
Residential area that sprang up close to or surrounding cities as a result of improvements in transportation
suburb
An attempt to overthrow a government by persons working secretly from within
subversion
A man or woman who fought for a woman’s right to vote
suffragist
A meeting of heads of government
summit
An economic theory that proposes tax cuts as means of stimulating the economy to produce more goods and services
supply-side economics
Excess; Amount left over after necessary expenses are paid
surplus
A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions
sweatshop
A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
tenement
An area that is completely controlled by another country as a colonial possession
territory
The use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal
terrorism
The practice of raising interest rates to slow personal spending
tight money policy
A political system in which the government suppresses all opposition and controls most aspects of people’s lives
totalitarian
The situation when the value of a country’s region foreign imports exceeds the values of its exports
trade deficit
Organization of workers with the same trade or skill
trade union
Extending across a continent
transcontinental
A combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition
trust
Someone who breaks up a trust into smaller companies
trustbuster
German submarine in the World Wars 1 and 2
U-boat
Payments by the government for a limited period of time to people who have lost their jobs
unemployment insurance
Hispanic ranch hand
vaquero
Nixon’s policy that called for South Vietnam to take a more active role in fighting the war and for Americans to become less involved
Vietnamization
People who take the law into their own hands
vigilante
Programs that gave needy people government jobs
work relief
Writing which exaggerates sensational, dramatic, and gruesome events to attract readers, named for stories that were popular during the late 1800s; a type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting
yellow journalism
