L to J - All words Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
Rain containing high amounts of chemical pollutants from the burning of fossil fuels
A
acid rain
2
Q
An active effort to improve educational and employment opportunities for minority groups and women
A
affirmative action
3
Q
The state of having much wealth
A
affluence
4
Q
A chemical herbicide used to clear jungle growth in the Vietnam War
A
agent orange
5
Q
A system of transporting food and supplies by aircraft into an area otherwise impossible to reach
A
airlift
6
Q
Defense agreements among nation
A
alliance system
7
Q
The granting of pardon to a large number of persons; protection of prosecution for an illegal act
A
amnesty
8
Q
Person who believes that there should be no government
A
anarchist
9
Q
Disorder and lawlessness
A
anarchy
10
Q
Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews
A
anti-semitism
11
Q
Racial separation and economic and political discrimination against nonwhites, a policy formerly practiced in the republic of South Africa
A
apartheid
12
Q
Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict
A
appeasement
13
Q
Settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider
A
arbitration
14
Q
A temporary peace agreement to end fighting
A
armistice
15
Q
The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to build more weapons in an effort to surpass the others military strength
A
arms race
16
Q
A system with machines and workers arranged so that each person performs an assigned task again and again as items pass before him or her
A
assembly line
17
Q
To absorb a group into the culture of a larger population
A
assimilate
18
Q
Government in which one person has unlimited power
A
autocracy
19
Q
The distribution of power among nations so that no single can dominate or interfere with another
A
balance of power
20
Q
The condition of being unable to pay one’s debts; one’s property is managed or sold to pay those whom one owes money
A
bankruptcy
21
Q
Laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers
A
black codes
22
Q
List of persons who are disapproved of and are punished, such as being refused jobs
A
blacklist
23
Q
Name given to the sudden, violent offensive attacks the Germans used during World War 2
A
blitzkrieg
24
Q
Cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out; to close off a country’s ports
A
blockade
25
To refuse in order to show disapproval or force acceptance of one’s terms
boycott
26
The amount by which government spending exceeds revenue
budget deficit
27
An economic system based on private property and free enterprise
capitalism
28
Northerner who moved to the south after the civil war
carpetbagger
29
Farm crop raised to be sold for money
cash crop
30
To express formal disapproval of some action
censure
31
Protective measures taken in case of attack
civil defense
32
Refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust as a nonviolent way to the press
civil disobedience
33
A workplace in which the employer by agreement hires only union members
closed shop
34
A group united for action
coalition
35
A struggle over political differences between nations carried on by methods short of war
cold war
36
Discussion between an employer and union representatives of workers over wages, hours, and working conditions
collective bargaining
37
Prison camps used to hold people for political reasons
concentration camps
38
Person who refuses military service on the basis of moral and religious beliefs
conscientious objector
39
The protection and preservation of natural resources
conservation
40
The practice of combining separate companies into one
consolidation
41
The policy or process of preventing the expansion of natural resources
containment
42
A group that travels with something, such as a ship, to protect it
convoy
43
Store where farmers bought products from each other; an enterprise owned and operated by those who use it services
cooperative
44
A business in which investors own shares
corporation
45
Dishonest or illegal actions
corruption
46
A social movement whose values go against those of established society
counter culture
47
Military or political activities intend to combat terrorism
counterterrorism
48
Lack of belief; a term used to describe the lack of trust in the Johnson administration's statements about the Vietnam War
credibility gap
49
To fail to meet an obligation, especially a financial one
default
50
An excuse, issued by the draft board the lets a person be excused from military service for various reasons
defernment
51
The shortage that occurs when spending is greater than income
deficit
52
The government spending more money than it takes in
deficit spending
53
A region where no military forces or weapons are permitted
demilitarized zone
54
The act of cutting the restrictions and regulations that government places on business
deregulation
55
- To end the practice separating or isolating people of different races
desegregate
56
A policy which attempts to relax or ease tensions between nations
detente
57
leader who rules with total authority, often in a cruel or brutal manner
dictator
58
removal of weapons
disarmament
59
Unfair treatment of a group; unequal treatment because of a person’s race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth
discrimination
60
Disagreement with or opposition to an opinion
dissent
61
A stockholder's share of a company’s profits, usually as a cash payment
divident
62
To send out of a country aliens who are considered dangerous
deport
63
A policy of joining the business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad
dollar diplomacy
64
The practice of companies laying off workers to become more efficient and to increase their earnings
downsize
65
The way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture
dry farming
66
An order prohibiting trade with another country
embargo
67
To leave one’s place of residence or country to live somewhere
emigrate
68
To increase or expand
escalate
69
spying
espionage
70
A minority that speaks a different language or follows different customs than the majority of people in a country. People who share a common language and traditions
ethnic group
71
The scientific theory of that humans and other living things have evolved over time
evolution
72
A rule issued by a chief executive that has the force of law
executive order
73
President Nixon’s belief that all white house conversations should be kept secret to protect national security
executive prvilege
74
A policy that calls for expanding a nation’s boundaries
expansionism
75
A person who gives up his or her home country and chooses to live in another country
expatriate
76
A political system, headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance for opposition
fascism
77
A person with extremely nationalistic views
fascist
78
The amount of money owed by the government
federal debt
79
A person who advocates or is active in promoting women's rights
feminist
80
A young woman of the 1920’s who defied conventions in her behavior and dress
flapper
81
The absence of trade barriers so that goods flow freely among countries
free trade
82
A person who believes in the literal meaning of religious texts and follows strict obedience to religious laws
fundamentalist
83
The deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural groups
genocide
84
The idea that the world’s economies and societies are all a part of one big system
globalism
85
A steady increase in average world temperatures
global warming
86
A clause that allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before reconstruction began
grandfather clause
87
People at the local level organizing for political reasons
grassroots movement
88
The value of all the goods and services produced in a nation in a one-year period
gross domestic product
89
The total value of all goods and services produced by a nation’s residents during a year, regardless of where production takes place
gross national product
90
A hit-and-run technique used in fighting warfare; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes
guerrilla warfare
91
The name given to the mass slaughter of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War 2
Holocaust
92
To acquire a piece of U.S public land by living and cultivating it
homestead
93
Rights regarded as belonging to all persons, such as freedom from unlawful imprisonment, torture, and execution
human rights
94
To formally charge a public official with misconduct in office
impeach
95
The action used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over smaller or weaker nations
imperialism
96
A continuous rise in the price of goods and services
inflation
97
The right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voters or the legislature for approval
initiative
98
A court order to stop an action, such as a strike
injunction
99
A system for buying goods in which customers promise to pay small regular amounts over a period of time
installment buying
100
A person who revolts against civil authority; rebel
insurgent
101
To end separation of different races and bring into equal membership in society
integrate
102
Detention center where Japanese Americans were moved to and confined during World War 2
internment camp
103
Across state lines; connecting or existing between two state lines
interstate
104
A political and military barrier that isolate Soviet controlled countries of eastern Europe after World War 2
iron curtain
105
A strategy used during World War 2 that called for attacking and capturing certain key islands and using these islands as bases to leapfrog to others
island hopping
106
a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs
isolationism
107
American music developed from ragtime and blues with African rhythms
jazz
108
Emperor; the leader of Germany from 1871 to 1918
kaiser
109
During World War 2, a Japanese suicide pilot whose mission was to crash into his target
kamikaze
110
Originally, an agricultural college established as a result of the 1862 Morrill Act that gave states large amounts of federal land that could be sold to raise money for education
land grant college
111
American who has come to the United States from or is descended from people who came from Latin America or Spain
latino
112
To hand over property in return for rent
lease
113
High walls or an embankment to prevent flooding in low-lying areas
levee
114
A method used to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring prospective voters to read and write at a specified level
literacy test
115
The herding of cattle for 1,000 miles or more to meet the railroad
long drive
116
Putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob
lynching
117
The law applied by military forces in occupied territory or in an emergency
martial law
118
Types of communication that reach large numbers of people, such as newspapers, radio, and television
mass media
119
The production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line
mass production
120
Attaching too much importance to physical possessions and comforts
materialism
121
A social program that gives the states money to help those who cannot afford to pay for their hospital bills
medicaid
122
a social program that helps pay for the elderly
medicare
123
The combining of two or more businesses into one
merger
124
A person who moves from place to place to find work harvesting fruits and vegetables
migrant worker
125
A building up of military strength within a country
militarism
126
Gathering resources and preparing for war
mobilization
127
America's first mass production car made by the Ford Motor Company
Model T
128
Total control of a type of industry by one person or one company
monopoly
129
A journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society
muckraker
130
An explosive material dropped from planes during the Vietnam War
napalm
131
The first farmers’ organization in the United States
national grange
132
Intense loyalty to one’s nation or group and promotion of its interests above all others
nationalism
133
The right of people to decide how they should be governed
National self-determination
134
The belief that those born in a country are superior to immigrants
nativism
135
market in which a few large companies control prices for an industry
oligopoly
136
To return or defeat, as a bill proposed in congress
override
137
Person opposed to the use of war or violence to settle disputes
pacifist
138
A sum paid regularly to a person, usually after retirement
pension
139
Lying when one has sworn an oath to tell the truth
perjury
140
A tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote
poll tax
141
A level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to government standards
poverty line
142
How much work each worker does
productivity
143
The nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor in the United States that went into effect when the eighteenth amendment was ratified
prohibition
144
Ideas or information designed and spread to influence opinion
propaganda
145
A country that is technically independent, but is actually under the control of another country
protectorate
146
temporary government
provisional government
147
Projects such as highways, parks, and libraries built with public funds for public use
public works
148
An arrangement placing a limit on the number of immigrants from each country
quota system
149
A type of music with a strong rhythm and a lively melody with accented notes, which was popular in early 1900s
ragtime
150
Powerful and aggressive businessmen who controlled the nation’s railroads
railroad baron
151
To give out scarce items on a limited basis
ration
152
An approach to literature and the arts that shows things as they really are
realism
153
Discount or return part of a payment
rebate
154
The right that enables voters to remove elected officials from office
recall
155
A downward turn in business activity
recession
156
The reorganization and rebuilding of the former confederate states after the civil war.
Reconstruction
157
The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature
referendum
158
Art or literature focused on a particular region of the country
regionalism
159
Aid for the needy; welfare
relief
160
Payment by a defeated aggressor nation for damages caused by war
reparations
161
An area of public lands set aside for Native Americans
reservation
162
Money raised from federal taxes and given to the states for use at the state and local levels
revenue sharing
163
The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group
segregation
164
Institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English
settlement house
165
System of farming in which a farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop
sharecropping
166
A person who invests in a corporation by buying stock and is a partial owner
shareholders
167
The act of occupying seat or sitting on the floor of an establishment as a form of organized protest
sit-in
168
Poor, crowded, and rundown urban neighborhoods
slum
169
Person who believes industries should be publicly owned and run by the government rather than by private individuals
socialist
170
- Section of a country where one foreign nation enjoys special rights and powers
spheres of influence
171
Theodore Roosevelt’s promise of fair and equal treatment for all
square deal
172
A situation during a conflict when action stops because both sides are equally powerful and neither will give in
stalemate
173
Cramped quarters on a ship’s lower deck for passengers paying the lowest fares
steerage
174
Shares of ownership a company sells in its business which often carry voting power
stock
175
A place where shares in corporations are bought and sold through an organized system
stock exchange
176
Person hired to replace a striking worker in order to break up a strike
strikebreaker
177
Grant of money from the government to a person or a company for an action intended to benefit the public
subsidy
178
Residential area that sprang up close to or surrounding cities as a result of improvements in transportation
suburb
179
An attempt to overthrow a government by persons working secretly from within
subversion
180
A man or woman who fought for a woman’s right to vote
suffragist
181
A meeting of heads of government
summit
182
An economic theory that proposes tax cuts as means of stimulating the economy to produce more goods and services
supply-side economics
183
Excess; Amount left over after necessary expenses are paid
surplus
184
A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions
sweatshop
185
A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
tenement
186
An area that is completely controlled by another country as a colonial possession
territory
187
The use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal
terrorism
188
The practice of raising interest rates to slow personal spending
tight money policy
189
A political system in which the government suppresses all opposition and controls most aspects of people's lives
totalitarian
190
The situation when the value of a country’s region foreign imports exceeds the values of its exports
trade deficit
191
Organization of workers with the same trade or skill
trade union
192
Extending across a continent
transcontinental
193
A combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition
trust
194
Someone who breaks up a trust into smaller companies
trustbuster
195
German submarine in the World Wars 1 and 2
U-boat
196
Payments by the government for a limited period of time to people who have lost their jobs
unemployment insurance
197
Hispanic ranch hand
vaquero
198
Nixon’s policy that called for South Vietnam to take a more active role in fighting the war and for Americans to become less involved
Vietnamization
199
People who take the law into their own hands
vigilante
200
Programs that gave needy people government jobs
work relief
201
Writing which exaggerates sensational, dramatic, and gruesome events to attract readers, named for stories that were popular during the late 1800s; a type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting
yellow journalism
