Kydada's Notes Flashcards
What is negative energy balance?
A state where energy intake is less than energy expenditure
How is diabetes mellitus in dogs similar to ketosis in dairy cows?
Both are states of intracellular oxaloacetate deprivation
How do you treat ketosis in dairy cows?
Fix the problem that put her off feed and give IV dextrose, propylene glycol, etc.
How do you treat pregnancy toxicity in small ruminants?
Terminate the pregnancy and give IV dextrose, propylene glycol, etc.
How do you treat type I diabetes in dogs?
Ensure they eat and receive insulin
What is the biologically active form of calcium?
Ionized calcium (Ca2+)
What are the three actions of calcium on axonal transmission and muscle contraction?
- Dampens sodium influx
- Facilitates release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
- Allows for actin-myosin binding
What happens to bone resorption as pH decreases?
Increases, releasing more calcium into the blood
What is the net effect of vitamin D on calcium homeostasis?
Increases concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
What is a key characteristic of parturient paresis (milk fever)?
Flaccid tetany/paresis associated with stage two of hypocalcemia
What should you avoid when treating hypocalcemia?
Do not put the IV solution above the animal to prevent rapid dilution
What are the main nutrients that affect magnesium absorption?
- Nitrogen
- Potassium
Why is it important to monitor calcium and phosphorus in the diet?
High levels of one can antagonize absorption of the other; maintain a ratio of 1.5:1 – 2:1
How do you prevent phosphatic urinary calculi (struvites) from forming?
Maintain calcium to phosphorus ratio, feed anionic salts, manipulate cation-anion balance, or surgically remove
What is the energy requirement for a normal horse?
33.3 kcal DE/kg BW/day
What is the ideal composition of a normal diet DMI for horses?
- 80% energy
- 8-14.5% protein
- 2-3% minerals
- <1% vitamins
What are diseases related to vitamin and mineral deficiencies?
- Calcium: Skeletal disease
- NaCl: Salt toxicity
- Potassium: Inappetence
- Magnesium: Hypomagnesium tetany
- Iodine: Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism
- Copper: Hepatic and renal damage
- Zinc: Inappetence, parakeratosis
- Iron: Fe toxicity in foals
- Vitamin E and selenium: Degenerative myopathies
How do you treat and prevent common metabolic diseases?
- Rhabdomyolysis: Supportive care
- Hyperlipidemia: Prevention
- Colic: Prevention
- Laminitis: Proper nutrition and foot care
Why is colostrum important?
Rich in antibodies and nutrients, providing passive immunity
What happens to glycogen, amino acids, and lipids during negative energy balance?
Glycogen stores are depleted, body pulls energy from fat
What changes in insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and catecholamines occur during negative energy balance?
No insulin, high glucagon, high cortisol, high catecholamines
What triggers ketosis in dairy cows?
Excessive ketone production due to severely restricted carbohydrate intake
Why is ketosis more common in adult dairy cattle than in heifers?
Adult cows make more milk, though social factors can affect heifers
What are the underlying problems in ketosis, pregnancy toxicity, and type I diabetes?
Cells are starved for oxaloacetate
