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3rd semester BSCB > Kval > Flashcards

Kval Flashcards

1
Q

What characterizes positivism?

A

Social facts are treated as independent of the activities of the participant and research

The researcher is neutral

E.g. capture people’s feeling through interviews

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2
Q

What characterizes naturalism?

A

Social facts are not in structures, but in shared meaning and understanding

Seeks to identify experiences (how people understand something)

The researcher is subjective

e.g. Open-ended interviews on people understanding of something

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3
Q

What characterizes constructionism?

A

How are things going on (produced, maintained, and assembled)

Focus on actions: how interaction and discourse shape social reality

Example: How does a service encounter take place

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4
Q

What characterizes a good qualitative research question?

A

1) Qualitative methods can be applied
2) Allowes for detailed description
3) Enables detailed analysis
4) Narrow topic
5) Increased focus
6) Relation between RQ and appropriate theory

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5
Q

When formulating a research question, what does “increased focus” mean?

A

It means to narrow the focus of the RQ down so that you only focus on a very small part of the larger topic.

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6
Q

What are the different kind of sampling methods?

A

Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling
- Snowball
- Theoretical

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7
Q

Which sampling method is linked to grounded theory?

A

Theoretical

- part of purposive

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8
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Accessibility and convenience:
You choose the sample because it is easy to access

Ex: You wish to do a study about bank and interviews your aunt who is working in a bank

This is used when it can be hard to gain access, thus you must make use of the easy access points

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9
Q

What is purposive sampling?

A

Relevane to RQ and theory:
You choose the sample due to specific purpose regarding theory

Ex: You choose a specific age group relevant for the theory or people representative for your RQ

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10
Q

Under purposive sampling is snowball sampling. What is this?

A

Start with a small group relevant to RQ. They then select other participants in their network

Pros: Easier
Cons: You move away from relevance to RQ

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11
Q

Under purposive sampling is theoretical sampling. What is this?

A

Start with an initial theory, collect and analyse data, get a new theoretical understanding
Based on the new theory, the process repeats

Related to grounded
theory

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12
Q

Describe the positivistic approach to interviews

A

Interviews provide access to facts about the world

You can use structure interviews. No deviations or suggestions added.

Aim: Generate data that holds true independent of setting

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13
Q

Describe the naturalistic approach to interviews

A

Interviews provide insights into people’s authentic experiences

You can use semi-structured or open-ended interviews

Aim: formulate questions to facilitate open communication and to tap into perception of interviewee

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14
Q

Describe the constructionistic approach to interviews

A

Interviews are a joint accomplishment between interviewer and interviewee

Open-ended or narrative interviews can be conducted

No insights into the interviewee but into practices and meaning creation.

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15
Q

What are the different interview forms?

A

1) individual
- Structured, semi-structured or open-ended

2) focus groups
- Individualistic or social-constructionistic

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16
Q

What characterizes a structured interview?

A

Questions are standardized and in same order

No deviations from schedule

Questions are not probed

No new questions added

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17
Q

What analyses can be used with structured interviews?

A
  1. Content
  2. thematic analysis
  3. Grounded theory
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18
Q

What characterizes a semi-structured interview?

A

Based on interview guide, which is flexible

Overall topics are set in advance, but new ideas can be pursued during the interview

Can be both yes/no and how, what questions

Finding are more complex and therefore often recorded

It is important to avoid leading questions

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19
Q

What analyses can be used with semi-structured interviews?

A

Content/thematic

Grounded theory

Narrative analysis

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20
Q

What characterizes a open-ended interview?

A

Aim is to achieve rich data

The interviewers task is to do active listening

The interview enables detailed and comprehensive talk

The interview is a collaborative accomplishment

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21
Q

What is important issues of open-ended interviews?

A

Introduce yourself

Build rapport and connect with the interviewee

Build up trust

22
Q

What must be considered when planning focus group interviews?

A

1) Number of groups
2) Size of groups
3) Level of moderator involvement
4) Sampling of participants
5) Recording and transcribing focus group (audio vs. video)

23
Q

What are the characteristics of individualistic focus group?

A

Opinions are stable personal dispositions

Information gathered comes directly from a person’s thinking an beliefs

Participant interaction to elicit the prevailing range of options, beleifs and preferences of the individual

People do no form meaning in the group, but expresses their OWN beliefs

24
Q

What are the characteristics of social constructionistic focus group?

A

Opinions are socially shared knowledge

Knowledge is due to change through social participation

Focus groups are a dynamic process og making collective sense

People construct shared knowledge from shared ideas, opinions, beliefs, experiences and actions

25
Q

Which analyses can be used on individualistic focus groups?

A

Content/thematic

26
Q

Which analyses can be used on social constructionistic focus groups?

A

Constructionistic methods:

    • Discourse analysis
    • Conversation analysis
    • Narrative analysis
27
Q

What are the forms of observations?

A

Participant:

    • Ethnographic
    • Netnographic

Non-participant:

    • Audio
    • Video
28
Q

What must be considered when doing participant observations?

A

Open or closed setting?

    • Open: public setting
    • Closed: private setting

Will you have overt or covert access?

    • Overt: be transparent about your role
    • Covert: No not disclose your role

Whom do you want to observe?

What kind of observation?

    • Participatory (will you take part in the setting)
    • Non-participatory

How will you take field notes? (what to include, exclude)
– Make a field note guide

29
Q

What are the different approaches (pos, nat, con) on participant observation (ethnographic)?

A

Pos: Not possible

Nat:

    • Represents the people’s world
    • Describe realities
    • Understand meanings
    • What is going on?
    • Analysis: grounded theory

Con:

    • Insights into people own accounts, relational
    • Understand how realities are constructed
    • How can they accomplish they?
    • Analysis: ethnomethodology (membership categorization analysis) and conversation analysis
30
Q

What are the characteristics of an ethnographic research?

A

No generalization of findings

The context of the situation is acknowledged

Used to discover/uncover relationships

Exploring social phenomenon rather than testing a hypothesis

31
Q

What is netnography?

A

Same as ethnography just using online fora.

Advantages are:
Efficiency
Number of participants

32
Q

What must be considered when doing non-participant observations?

A

Open or closed setting?

    • Open: public setting
    • Closed: private setting

Will you have open or closed access?

Whom do you want to observe?

What kind of observation?

    • Participatory (will you take part in the setting)
    • Non-participatory

How will you make the recording/place the microphone/place the camera/how many cameras?

33
Q

Which analytical methods apply for observations?

A

Content:
What is said?
All data

Grounded theory:
What is said? Less how
Field notes and recordings

Narrative analysis:
What is said?
Field and recordings

Discourse Analysis:
What and little how
Recordings

Conversation analysis:
What and how
Video only

34
Q

What are the advantages of using documents?

A
  1. Richness
  2. Relevance
  3. Naturally occurring
  4. Availability
35
Q

What forms of documents exists?

A
  1. Paper documents
  2. Mediated text
  3. Text and picture
36
Q

What are the different approaches to documents?

A

Positivistic:
Speak for themselves, and represent the social world. How do the world described in the document differ from the real world?

Naturalistic:
does not exist

Constructionistic:
Do not speak for themselves, but the analyst have to make them speak. How do they construct reality?

37
Q

What constructionistic analysis for documents are there?

A
  1. Conversation analysis
  2. Membership categorization analysis
  3. Constructionistic analysis of documents
  4. Discource analysis
38
Q

What positivistic analysis for documents are there?

A
  1. Grounded theory
  2. Content
  3. Thematic
  4. Key word
39
Q

What does content analysis analyse?

A

(positivistic)

What categories of words that are used the most

40
Q

What does thematic analysis analyse?

A

(positivstic)

Focuses on the themes and not the exact worlds

41
Q

What does comparative keyword analysis analyse?

A

(positivistic)

Count all the words said or written

42
Q

What is grounded theory?

A

Data is the starting point, and through coding and more data collection a theory/meaning/hypothesis is constructed

43
Q

What is narrative analysis?

A

(naturalistic and constr.)

See how people see their role when telling stories, e.g. is he the hero in the company

44
Q

What is discourse analysis?

A

(naturalism and constr.)
“Language is performative”. Looking at how people select words.

  1. Interpretative repertoires
    (different opinions form one dominant opinion)
  2. Stake
    (People always have a specific interest motive, when using “isn’t” “aren’t you?”, framing
  3. Scripts
    Manuscripts for how things usually are done
45
Q

What is conversation analysis?

A

(constructionistic)

Understasing of the interaction between context and interaction.

46
Q

What is constructionist analysis of documents?

A

(constructionistic)

How are documents written, how are they read, who writes them, who reads them etc.

47
Q

What is membership categorization analysis?

A

(constructionistic)
See what categories we use to describe the people doing something with and how these categories tell us something about expectations, norms, culture. E.g. mom, baby

48
Q

What is credibility?

A

How believable are the results?

Is it objective?

49
Q

What is reliability?

A

The degree of consistency with the data.
Replicability: others must be able to repeat the study and find same results
Reliability: recordings of participants are more reliable than researcher reconstructions of the conversation

50
Q

What is validity?

A

To extent to which an account accurately represents the social phenomena to which it refers.

Triangulation:
Using multiple methods to get a more comprehensive representation. So, if three methods agree on the findings, then it is more likely to be accurate.

3rd semester BSCB (5 decks)

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