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PM4 - Neuroscience > Kummer > Flashcards

Kummer Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord
structure

A

grey matter (within) -> soma
white matter (outside) -> fibers
past L1 vertebrae no spinal cord, only cauda equina

dorsal horn: somatosensory fibers, somata in DRG (pseudounipolar neurons)
lateral horn: sympathetic fibers for ANS
ventral horn: motor neurons

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2
Q

different fiber qualities

A
  • somato-motor: efferent, voluntary movements of striated muscle
  • somato-sensible: afferent, general body sensation
  • viscero-motor: efferent, involuntary movement of smooth musculature
  • viscero-sensible: afferent, body sensation of organs
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3
Q

afferent

A

transmission towards CNS

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4
Q

efferent

A

transmission towards periphery (away from CNS)

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5
Q

transmission towards periphery

A

efferent

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6
Q

transmission towards CNS

A

afferent

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7
Q

autonomic NS

A

sympathicus and parasympathicus
innervates all organs except skeletal muscule

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8
Q

sympathicus

A

fight or flight
- GANGLIA: paravertebral interconnected to sympathetic tract
- PRE-GANG: from thoracic and lumbar segments, NT is ACh, direct innervation of adrenal medulla
- POST-GANG: to target, NT is NA except to sweat glands (ACh)
- RECEPTORS: metabotropic A/NA (qiss)

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9
Q

sympthicus
ganglia

A

paravertebral interconnected to sympathetic tract

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10
Q

sympathicus
pre-ganglionic neurons

A

from thoracic and lumbar segments
NT is ACh
to second order neurons, except direct innervation of adrenal medulla

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11
Q

sympathicus
post-ganglionic fibers

A

to target
NT is NA, except to sweat glands (ACh)

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12
Q

sympathicus
receptors of targte organs

A

metabotropic A/NA receptors
alpha1&2, beta 1&2 (qiss)

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13
Q

parasympathicus

A

rest and digest (recovery of organism)

  • GANGLIA: close to target organ
  • NT: pre- and post-ganglionic fibers both use ACh
  • RECEPTORS: nAChR or mAChR (M1&3 Gq, M2&4 Gi)
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14
Q

parasympathicus
ganglia

A

close to target organ

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15
Q

parasympathicus
pre-ganglionic fibers

A

from medulla oblongata and sacral segments
NT is ACh

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16
Q

parasympathicus
post-ganglionic fibers

A

NT is ACh

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17
Q

parasympathicus
NT

A

ACh pre and post-ganglionic

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18
Q

sympathicus
NT

A

ACh preganglionic
A/NA postgaglionic

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19
Q

ganglionic
receptors

A

nAChR
mAChR (M1&3 Gq, M2&4 Gi)

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20
Q

mAChR

A

target organs of parasympathicus
M1&3 Gq
M2&4 Gi

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21
Q

Cranial nerves
I

A

N. olfactorius
smell

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22
Q

Cranial nerves
II

A

N. opticus
sight, crossing of nasal portion in chiasma opticum

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23
Q

Cranial nerves
III

A

N. occulomotorius
eye movement with IV and VI

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24
Q

Cranial nerves
IV

A

N. trochlearis
eye movement with III and VI

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25
Q

Cranial nerves
V

A

N. trigeminus
N. ophthalamicus, N. maxillaris, N. mandibularis

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26
Q

Cranial nerves
VI

A

N. abducens
eyemovement with III and IV

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27
Q

Cranial nerves
VII

A

N. facialis
taste buds and mimic

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28
Q

Cranial nerves
VIII

A

N. vestibulocochelaris
hearing and balance

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29
Q

Cranial nerves
IX

A

N. glossopharyngeus
middle ear, palate, pharynx

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30
Q

Cranial nerves
X

A

N. vagus
parasympathicus

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31
Q

Cranial nerves
XI

A

N. accessorius
M. trapezius and M. sternocleidomastoideus

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32
Q

Cranial nerves
XII

A

N. hypoglossus
tongue

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33
Q

N. olfactorius

A

Cranial nerve I
smell

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34
Q

N. opticus

A

Cranial nerve II
sight
nasal portions cross in optic chiasma

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35
Q

N. occulomotorius

A

Cranial nerve III
eye movment with IV and VI

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36
Q

N. trochlearis

A

Cranial nerve IV
eye movement with III and VI

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37
Q

N. trigeminus

A

Cranial nerve V
N. ophthalamicus, N. maxillaris, N. mandibularis

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38
Q

N. abducens

A

Cranial nerve VI
eye movement with III and IV

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39
Q

N. facialis

A

Cranial nerve VII
taste buds and mimic

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40
Q

N. vestibulocochlearis

A

Cranial nerve VIII
hearing and balance

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41
Q

N. glossopharyngeus

A

Cranial nerve IX
midear, palate and pharynx

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42
Q

N. vagus

A

Cranial nerve X
parasympathicus

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43
Q

N. accessorius

A

Cranial nerve XI
M. trapezius, M. sternocleidomastoideus

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44
Q

N. hypoglossus

A

Cranial nerve XII
tongue

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45
Q

meninges

A

Dura mater
arachnoidea
Pia mater

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46
Q

macroscopic structure cortex

A

two hemispheres by longitudinal fissure
Sulcus centralis separates frontal and parietal lobe
Sulcus lateralis separates parital and temporal lobe
Sulcus parieto-occipitalis separates parietal and occipital lobe

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47
Q

vetricles

A

2 lateral, 3 and 4
contain CSF, acts as blood in brain

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48
Q

cortex architecture

A

organized in 6 layers
- Stratum moleculare
- granulosum and pyramidale externum
- granulosum and pyramidale internum
- Stratum multiforme

organized in cortical columns as processing unit of brain (eventually)

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49
Q

comissural fibers

A

interconnect hemispheres
corpus callosum as biggest structure, with anterior and posterior comissure

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50
Q

Thalamus

A

primary input region, projects to cortix
-> RELAY AND FILTERING

  • LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: relay station for visual tract
  • MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: relay station for auditory tract
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51
Q

brain region
relaying and filtering

A

Thalamus

  • LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: relay station for visual tract
  • MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: relay station for auditory tract
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52
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

part of Thalamus (relay and filter)
relay station for visual tract

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53
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

part of Thalamus (relay and filter)
relay station for auditory tract

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54
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory and learning via LTP

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55
Q

brain region
memory and learning

A

hippocampus
via LTP

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56
Q

amygdala

A

emotions
close proximity and strongly interconnected to hippocampus

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57
Q

brain region
emotion

A

amygdala
close proximity and strongly interconnected to hippocampus

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58
Q

cerebellum

A

movement coordination
motor control -> fine tuning, movement learning
contains purkinje cells
alterations in cerebellum activity in depression and addiction

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59
Q

brain region
movement coordination

A

cerebellum
motor control -> fine tuning, movement learning
contains purkinje cells
alterations in cerebellum activity in depression and addiction

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60
Q

glutamatergic system
receptors

A

AMPA: ionotroptic, tetramer
NMDA: ionotropic, tetramer
Kainate: ionotropic, hetero- or monomers
mGluR: 3 groups -> 1&5 Gq, 2&3 Gi/o, 4 &6-8 Gi/o

61
Q

AMPA
“meric” structure
iono vs metabotropic

A

tetramer
ionotropic

62
Q

NMDA
“meric” structure
iono vs metabotropic

A

tetramer
ionotropic

63
Q

Kainate
“meric” structure
iono vs metabotropic

A

heterodimers or monomers
ionotropic

64
Q

mGluR
types

A

3 groups, metabotropic (Class C)

  • 1&5 Gq
  • 2&3 Gi/o
  • 4, 6-8 Gi/o
65
Q

GABAergic system
Receptors

A

GABA-A: ionotropic, cys-loop receptor, pentamer
GABA-B: metabotropic, Gi/o

66
Q

GABA-A
“meric” structure
iono vs metabotropic

A

cys-loop receptor
pentamer
ionotropic (Cl)

67
Q

GABA-B
iono vs metabotropic

A

metabotropic (Class B)
Gi/o

68
Q

dopaminergic system

A

main DA populations in midbrain (VTA and SN)
SN - Striatum - basal ganglia (impaired in PD)
VTA-mesolimbic circuit: reward and addiction, depression, psychosis

D1-like receptors (DRD1 and 5) Gs
D2-like receptors (DRD2-4) Gi

69
Q

dopaminergic circuit pathways

A

SN - Striatum - basal ganglia (impaired in PD)
VTA - mesolimbic circuit: reward and addiction, depression, psychosis

70
Q

D1-like receptors

A

DA receptors
metabotropic
DRD1 and DRD5
Gs

71
Q

D2-like receptors

A

DA receptors
metabotropic
DRD2-4
Gi

72
Q

Pramipexole

A

targetd DRD3
alternative to L-DOPA to prevent Levodopa-induced dyskinesia

73
Q

noradrenergic system

A

precursor of A/NA is DA
receptors are metabotropic -> quiss
main locus = locus coeruleus
project to brain areas and spinal cord (descending pain control)

74
Q

serotonin system

A

ionotropic: 5HTR3, cys loop, excitatory
metabotopic: 5HTR1 &5 Gi/o, 5HTR2 Gq/11, 5HTR4-7 Gs
main loci = Raphe nuclei
project to brain areas and spinal cord (descending pain control)

75
Q

noradrenergic neurons
location and projection

A

main locus = LOCUS COERULEUS
project to other brain areas and spinal cord (descending pain control)

76
Q

precursor A/NA

A

DA

77
Q

alpha1 receptor

A

A/NA
Gq

78
Q

alpha2 receptor

A

A/NA
Gi

79
Q

beta1 receptor

A

A/NA
Gs

80
Q

beta2 receptor

A

A/NA
Gs but also Gi reported

81
Q

beta3 receptor

A

A/NA
Gs

82
Q

adrenergic receptors
iono vs metabotropic

A

metaboropic (qiss)

83
Q

serotonin receptors
iono vs metabotropic

A

5HT3 ionotropic
others metabotropic
5HTR1 &5 Gi/o, 5HTR2 Gq/11, 5HTR4-7 Gs

84
Q

serotonin neurons
locus and projection

A

main locus is RAPHE NUCLEI
project to other brain areas and spinal cord (Descending pain control)

85
Q

5HT1R

A

metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gi/o

86
Q

5HT5R

A

metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gi/o

87
Q

5HT2R

A

metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gq/11

88
Q

5HT3R

A

ionotropic serotonin receptor
cys loop, excitatory

89
Q

5HT4R

A

metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gs

90
Q

5HT5R

A

metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gs

91
Q

5HT6R

A

metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gs

92
Q

5HT7R

A

metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gs

93
Q

cholinergic system

A

located among others in Nucleus basalis Myenert
apparently relevant to cognition and attention (AD)
nAChR: ionotropic cys loop receptor (excitatory)
mAChR: metabotropic (M1 like M1,3 and 5 Gq) (M2 like M2,4 Gi/o)

94
Q

cholinergic neurons
localization

A

among others: Ncl. basalis Myenert

95
Q

cholinergic neurons
function

A

apparently relevant to cognition and attention (AD)

96
Q

cholinergic system
receptors

A

nAChR: ionotropic cys loop receptor (excitatory)
mAChR: metabotropic (M1 like M1,3 and 5 Gq) (M2 like M2,4 Gi/o)

97
Q

mAChR

A
  • M1 like: M1, M2 and M3, Gq
  • M2 like: M2 and M4, Gi/o
98
Q

cortical IN subdivisions

A

PV+: ca. 40% of cortical IN
SST+: ca 30%
5HT3aR+: ca 30%

99
Q

types of IN influence in neuronal circuits

A
  • recurrent inhibition: activated neuron activates self-inhibiting IN
  • feed-forward inhibition: neuron activates IN, IN inhibits other neuron
  • desinhibition: IN inhibits IN, subsequent neuron is desinhibited
100
Q

recurrent inhibition

A

activated neuron activates self-inhibiting IN

101
Q

feed-forward inhibition

A

neuron activates IN, IN inhibits other neuron

102
Q

desinhibition

A

IN inhibits IN, subsequent neuron is desinhibited

103
Q

spinal cord reflex circuit

A

pain of stubbed toe to DRG
DRG activates motor neuron (extensor)
collateral of motor neuron activates Ranshaw cell
Ranshaw cell inhibits flexor

104
Q

retinal contrast enhancement circuit

A

lateral inhibition of neighbouring photoreceptors by horizontal cells (IN)

105
Q

Striatal neuron populations

A
  • MSN: GABAergic projection neurons, express D1 or D2 or both
  • ChAT+: TANs, cholinergic IN
  • GABAergic IN: PV+ (FS) or NPY+ (LTS)
106
Q

MSN

A

medium spiny neurons
GABAergic projection neurons of striatum
express D1 or D2 or both

input from other MSN collaterals, somatic inhibition by PV+ or ChAT+
input from Thalamus, cortex, amygdala, DA/5HT/NA-midbrain

107
Q

input on MSN

A
  • from other MSN collaterals, somatic inhibition by PV+ or ChAT+
  • from Thalamus, cortex, amygdala, DA/5HT/NA-midbrain
108
Q

Striatum
GABAergic projection neurons

A

MSN (medium spiny neurons)
express D1 or D2 or both

input from other MSN collaterals, somatic inhibition by PV+ or ChAT+
input from Thalamus, cortex, amygdala, DA/5HT/NA-midbrain

109
Q

Striatum
TANs

A

tonically-active aspiny (inter)neurons
ChAT+ IN

excitatory input from cortex and Thalamus
inhibitory input from MSN axon collateralls
DA input

activate DA termials

110
Q

Striatum
ChAT+ IN

A

tonically-active aspiny (inter)neurons (TANs)

excitatory input from cortex and Thalamus
inhibitory input from MSN axon collateralls
DA input

activate DA termials

111
Q

input on ChAT+

A

excitatory input from cortex and Thalamus
inhibitory input from MSN axon collateralls
DA input

activate DA termials

112
Q

Hippocampus
structure

A

Dentate gyrus
Cornu ammonis: 4 distinct layer (lacunosum moleculare - radiatum - pyramidale - oriens)

113
Q

hippocampal microcircuitry

A

entorhinal cortex
over perforant pathway to DG
over mossy fibers to CA3
over Schaffer collterals glutamatergic to CA1
in CA1 via AMPA/NMDA LTP

114
Q

hippocampal microcircuitry
PP

A

perforant pathway
to DG

115
Q

hippocampal microcircuitry
MF

A

mossy fibers
from DG to CA3

116
Q

hippocampal microcircuitry
SC

A

Schaffer collaterals
glutamatergic transmission from CA3 to CA1

117
Q

hippocampal microcircuitry
experiment LTP

A

stimulus of pre-synaptic fibers in perforant pathway
recording of EPSPs in CA1
prolonged signal detection if high-frequency stimulation beforehand

118
Q

basal ganglia
function

A

selection and implementation of purposeful actions in response to external and internal cues
facilitating of movement
also emotions, language, descicion making, working memorry, etc

119
Q

basal ganglia
included brain regions

A
  • Striatum
  • Globus palllidus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Subthalamic nucleus
120
Q

neuronal populations
Striatum

A
  • MSN (GABAergic projection neurons)
  • ChAT+ IN
  • GABAergic IN (PV+ FS, NYP+ LTS)
121
Q

neuronal populations
Globus pallidus

A
  • PV+: GABAergic, FS, to brainstem and thalamus
  • PV-: GABAergic, to brainstem and thalamus, collateral projections to striatum
122
Q

neuronal populations
subthalamic nucleus

A
  • excitatory glutamatergic neurons (two distinct subpopulations projections to GP and SN)
  • few GABAergic IN
123
Q

neuronal populations
Substantia nigra

A
  • PARS COMPATA: dopaminergic neurons project to dorsal striatum and preforntal cortex (nigro-striatal and nigro-prefrontal tract)
  • PARS RETICULATA: GABAergic neurons project to thalamus, superior colliculus and motor cortex
124
Q

MC - Str - Thalamus
direct pathway

A

MC and SNc active
Glu and DA to striatal D1-expressing cells (GABAergic)
more GABA to GPi and SNr
less GABA to Thalamus -> DESINHIBITED
Glu to MC

125
Q

MC - Str - Thalamus
indirect DA pathway

A

MC and SNc active
Glu and DA to striatal D2-expressing cells (GABAergic)
less GABA to GPe
more GABA to STN
less Glu to GPi and SNr
less GABA to Thalamus -> DESINHIBITED
Glu to MC

126
Q

MC - Str - Thalamus
indirect Glu pathway

A

MC and SNc not active
less Glu and DA to D2-expressing cells (GABAergic)
no D2 inhibition and more GABA to GPe
less GABA to STN
more Glu to GPi and SNr
more GABA to Thalalmus -> INHIBITED
less Glu to MC

127
Q

MC - Str - Thalamus
MC

A

motor cortex
Glu to Striatum

128
Q

MC - Str - Thalamus
SNc

A

DA to Striatum (D1 and D2)
project to GPi and SNr or GPe

129
Q

MC - Str - Thalamus
GPe

A

GABAergic
input from D2-expressing MSN (striatum)
project to STN

130
Q

MC - Str - Thalamus
STN

A

glutamatergic
input from GPe (GABA)
project to GPi and SNr

131
Q

MC - Str - Thalamus
GPi

A

GABAergic
input from D1-expressing MSN (striatum, GABA) or STN (Glu)
projects to Thalamus (GABA)

132
Q

MC - Str - Thalamus
SNr

A

GABAergic
input from D1-expressing MSN (striatum, GABA) or STN (Glu)
projects to Thalamus (GABA)

133
Q

somatosensation
crossing the midline

A
  • pain, temperature and coarse touch cross in spinal cord segment
  • fine touch, vibration and proprioception cross in medulla
134
Q

mechanoreceptors of the skin

A
  • Merkel corposculum: light perpendicular touch, SAI
  • Ruffini corposculum: tangential skin stretch, SAII
  • Meissner corposculum: low freq.vibrations, RA
  • Pacini corposculum: high freq. vibrations, PC
135
Q

Merkel corposculum

A

light perpendicular touch, SAI

136
Q

Ruffini corposculum

A

tangential stretch, SAII

137
Q

Meissner corposculum

A

low frequency vibration, RA

138
Q

Pacini corposculum

A

high frequency vibration, PC

139
Q

receptors for noxious stimuli

A
  • mechanical force: Piezo
  • cold: TRPM8
  • heat: TRPV1
  • chemicals: ASIC (acid sensing ion channel)
140
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

excessively strong pain sensation
same stimulus leads to increased receptor potetial
cause is usually in spinal cord or neuronal

141
Q

Allodynia

A

usually not painful stimuli are painful
reduced stimulus leads to same receptor potential
cause is ususally nerve ending focused (e.g. reduced opening threshhold of receptors)

142
Q

Resting pain

A

pain sensation without mechanical or thermal stimulus

143
Q

Pain and inflammation

A

inflammatory soup (cytokines, chemokines, peptides, K+, ATP, etc) stimulates nociceptors
-> ANTIDROMIC AXON REFLEX leads to SP and CGRP release
-> SP increases permeability
-> CGRP increases vasodilation
-> mast cell degranulation (histamine)

NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION

144
Q

Neurogenic inflammation

A

caused by inflammatory stimuli inducing an antidormic axon reflex (SP and CGRP release)

145
Q

Substance P

A

increases permeability, mast cell degranulation
released by antidromic axon reflex in response to inflammatory stimuli

146
Q

CGRP

A

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

  • increases vasodilation, mast cell degranulation
  • released by antidromic axon reflex in response to inflammatory stimuli
147
Q

sensitization (pain, increase)

A

pain is a plastic sensation -> can be increased and decreased, also interconnected with emotions (e.g. depression can lead to sensitization)

  • central sensitization via LTP
  • peripheral sensitization by inflammatory mediators
148
Q

gate control theory

A

sensation has to compete with other sensory information
true for pain, attention, hearing, etc.

149
Q

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A

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PM4 - Neuroscience (3 decks)

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