KT2 Flashcards
1
Q
berlin ultimatum
A
- Khrushchev ordered a Berlin ultimatum. He wanted Berlin to be a free city (a city with its own independent government – under Moscow control) He also wanted all allied troops out of Berlin. He gave the allies 6 months to make these changes or he would block supply routes.
- This had a large negative impact on international relations.
- 1958
2
Q
geneva sumit
A
May 1959 - First summit to try and deal with the Berlin problem
3
Q
camp david summit
A
September 1959 - Second summit to try and deal with the Berlin problem
4
Q
cuban revolution
A
- Cuban rebels took over the Cuban government by force. Cuba became a communist country. USA saw this as a threat having communism on their door step.lead by fidel castro
5
Q
paris sumit
A
- More talks to try and deal with the Berlin problem but a few days before the sumit the Soviets announced they had shot down a US spy plane over the Soviet Union. They interrogated the pilot who admitted he was spying.
- The US refused to apologise so USSR stormed out of the talks.
- May 1960
6
Q
bay of pigs invasion
A
- USA used Cuban exiles, which did not support communism, to return to Cuba to remove the communist government. It was supposed to look like a counter-Cuban attack and not the USA being involved.
- However the uprising failing because: the exiles were not well trained, Castro who was head of the communist government in Cuba had been told about the plan and was waiting for them at the Bay of Pigs to attack them – 20,000 soldiers against the 1,400 Cuban exiles.
- Bay of Pigs was humiliating to the US.
- Khrushchev improved his friendship with Cuba and publicly announced they would supply arms to them
- US saw this as a threat to them.
7
Q
vienna summit
A
- New president Kennedy met with Khrushchev to try and deal with the Berlin problem. Khrushchev knew the US had failed with its Bay of Pigs incident.
- Khrushchev decided to demand the ultimatum again and Kennedy refused to accept it.
- New president Kennedy met with Khrushchev to try and deal with the Berlin problem. Khrushchev knew the US had failed with its Bay of Pigs incident.
- Khrushchev decided to demand the ultimatum again and Kennedy refused to accept it.
- Kennedy increased military spending by $2 billion as a response to protect the USA if war broke out.
8
Q
what did kenedy do in response to the 2nd berlin ultimatum
A
- New president Kennedy met with Khrushchev to try and deal with the Berlin problem. Khrushchev knew the US had failed with its Bay of Pigs incident.
- Khrushchev decided to demand the ultimatum again and Kennedy refused to accept it.
- Kennedy increased military spending by $2 billion as a response to protect the USA if war broke out.
9
Q
berlin wall construction
A
- Khrushchev decided to build a border to prevent any more people from leaving. August 1961 East German troops built a barbed wire fence around Berlin and between East and West Berlin.
- The wall was guarded and a ‘no man’s land’ was created with booby traps and barbed wire, look out towers with machine guns and powerful search lights.
- Families and friends were separated. People tried to cross the wall and were killed.
- Kennedy travelled to West Berlin and made a speech by the wall saying ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ (I am a citizen of Berlin praising the freedom of the West.
10
Q
cuban missile crisis
A
- 14th October 1962
– American U2 spy plane took picture of launch pads in Cuba for nuclear weapons.
Kennedy was also informed USSR ships were heading to Cuba with what seemed to be nuclear weapons on them. Khrushchev sent nuclear missiles to Cuba to help defend from future US attacks - Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba to stop missiles arriving from USSR.
- Khrushchev sent a telegram saying he would remove missiles from Cuba if USA wouldn’t invade.
- Khrushchev then sent another telegram adding he wanted US missiles removed from Turkey too.
- Kennedy responded to first telegram publicly and second one secretly, increasing his reputation as a strong leader, making Khrushchev look like he backed down- maybe why he was dismissed as leader of USSR in 1954
11
Q
cuban missile crisis consequenses
A
*Moscow-Washington Hotline set up and 3 treaties (Test Ban 1963, Outer Space 1967, Non-Proliferation 1968) signed to reduce testing and spread of nuclear weapons.
12
Q
cuban missile crisis causes
A
American U2 spy plane took picture of launch pads in Cuba for nuclear weapons.
Kennedy was also informed USSR ships were heading to Cuba with what seemed to be nuclear weapons on them. Khrushchev sent nuclear missiles to Cuba to help defend from future US attacks
- Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba to stop missiles arriving from USSR.
13
Q
test ban treaty
A
- Another consequence of the missile crisis was the test ban of nuclear weapons, by USA, USSR and Britain. No testing in outer space or underwater.
14
Q
prague spring
A
- People were upset in Czechoslovakia and wanted reforms. Riots started due to people being upset of Soviet presence.
- Dubcek took over as leader. He was communist. He knew though reforms had to be made to make Czechoslovakia stronger. He relaxed censorship, trade unions given more powers, trade with the West was increased to improve the economy and he gave people the freedom to travel abroad. He introduced reforms ‘Socialism with a human face’. Not anti- communist, just wanted more freedom. This became known as the Prague Spring.
- Brezhnev, leader of the USSR, saw this as a threat to the ideals of communism and a threat towards the Warsaw Pact.
- January 1968
15
Q
soviet inasion of czechoslovakia
A
- August 1968
- Brezhnev disliked the Prague Spring reforms by Dubcek that he sent in 500,000 Warsaw Pact troops to invade Czechoslovakia and ended the ‘Prague Spring’.
- The Warsaw troops were a powerful force and the Czech people could not fight back against them.
- Dubcek was arrested and sent to Moscow to stop his reforms. He was then removed from office.
- This event led to the creation of the Brezhnev doctrine.
- The West were shocked with the invasion but did not get involved as they were hoping to have détente with the USSR.
