KT1 (13 pages of homework) Flashcards
When was she crowned?
She was crowned Queen in January 1559
Who was she the daughter of?
Henry VIII
How did she get on the throne?
After her father died his successor, his son Edward V1, died without any children. Then the ruling went to Elizabeth’s half sister Mary ruled from 1553-58. Then she died yet again without any children so the ruling then went to Elizabeth
Give info on Henry VIII:
Reigned from 1509-47
- Head of the English Church (not a pope so he could divorce and re marry)
- Wanted a male heir
- The church remained catholic but more moderate and contained some protestant influences.
- Religious change led to opposition, especially after Henry closed monasteries (a place or building where by monks live)
- A major rebellion, the Pilgrimage of grace, broke out in the North in 1536 and over 200 rebels were killed
- Henry’s wars with France and Scotland in the 1540’s pushed up food prices and unemployment, poverty increased
Give info on Edward V1
Reigned from 1547-53
- The Church of England became Protestant and decoration was removed from churches and an English Prayer Book replaced the Latin Version
- In 1549, Catholics in the south-west rebelled and 2,500 were killed by the royal army
- Harvests were bad and prices rose, increasing poverty further
- Thousands of cloth-workers and farm labourers lost their jobs causing a rebellion in Norfolk in 1549. 3,000 killed
- When Edward died young without any children the Duke of Northumberland tried to make his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, Queen however even Protestants supported the Tudor heir, Mary, although she was Catholic
Give info on Mary I
Reigned from 1553-58
- Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
- Was a catholic married of Philip II of Spain
- In 1554, Wyatt’s Rebellion broke out because of fears that the Spanish had control of the country
- Mary defeated the rebellion and executed 90 rebels
- Mary restored the authority of the pope and over 300 Protestants who refused to change their religion were also executed.
- Severe epidemics such as influenza killed thousands and after 2 terrible harvests prices rose sharply and many people died due to starvation
- Mary also joined Spain in war against France and lost Calais, which had been under English control for over 200 years
- She died of the flu in 1558
Why was there a negative approach towards the Elizabeths Reign
Because the country was flooded by epidemics and disease and thousands had died
What happened in 1558 that was important in the story of triumph and success for Elizabeth?
- Elizabeth became queen on the death of her Catholic half-sister Mary I.
- Elizabeth was a Protestant & needed to decide which religion the country would follow.
- Elizabeth was unmarried and as soon as she became Queen foreign kings and princes asked for her hand.
- One of these people was in fact the King Philip II of Spain who had been married to Mary.
- The first harvest of the reign was excellent but there was unemployement in the cloth industry.
What happened in 1559 - 62 that was important in the story of triumph and success for Elizabeth?
- Elizabeth established a Protestant Church of England(1959)
- Elizabeth had a close relationship with Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester but decided not to marry him (1561)
- Elizabeth was seriously ill with smallpox (62)
- The Parliament asked her to marry and name her successor and Elizabeth promised she would (62)
What happened to John Hawkins ships and what effect did it have on Elizabeth?
John Hawkins ships were attacked by the Spanish in the Caribbean. Hawkins was an English Merchant taking African people to sell into slavery in the Spanish New World. In retaliation, English ships seized a Spanish bullion ship in the English Channel (1568)
In the same year Mary, Queen of Scots (heir to throne) fled from Scotland to the North of England (which had been defeated) in hopes of support from Elizabeth. Elizabeth imprisoned her cousin due to concerns of her bringing Catholic support to the throne. (she was imprisoned in 1569)
What happened in 1570 - 88 that was important in the story of triumph and success for Elizabeth?
(1570)
- The pope excommunicated (officially exclude) Elizabeth from the Catholic Church
- Severe poverty led to a survey being carried out by Norwich authorities so they could reorganise the way the city worked to help the poor
(1571)
- The Ridolfi Plot- an Italian banker- plotted with Spain and the pope to replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots and restore Catholicism. The plot failed.]
- The council and Parliament demanded the execution of Mary but Elizabeth refused but did execute the Duke of Norfolk who was involved in the Ridolfi Plot
(1572)
- Elizabeth sent secret aid to the Protestants in the Netherlands who were rebelling against the Spanish
- The Vagabonds Act ordered local Justices of the peace to keep a register of the poor rate to provide shelter for the elderly and sick
(1573)
- Disastrous harvest followed by bad ones for 4 years
(1576)
- The Act for the Relief of the Poor aimed to provide work or shelter for those genuinely in need
(1580)
- Jesuit (an apostolic religious community called the Society of Jesus) missionary priests trained in Europe and began landing in England to spread the catholic religion
(1583)
- The Throckmorton Plot failed (Throckmorton was arrested and under torture confessed to a plot in which France and Spain would invade England, release Mary and make her queen.)
(1585)
- Parliament passed tougher laws against Catholic priests
- A set up of colony of settlers in North America called the colony Virginia got sent money by Elizabeth to help fight of the Spanish Empire
(1586)
- The Babington Plot - Mary’s approved assassination of Elizabeth - failed and the Parliament and the Council demanded the execution of Mary
(1557)
- Mary executed
- 24 spanish ships were destroyed that were coming to invade England
(1558)
- Philip II launched the Armada which was to be used to defeat England ( it was defeated)
- Elizabeth was now over 50 with no husband or successor
What were the religious divisions in 1558?
Example of how strong people cared about their religion was Margaret Ward who had a part in a Catholic Priests escape and when tortured and whipped she would not give away his hiding place. Elizabeth decided to offer her a pardon if she became a member of the protestant Church and she refused. She was hung in August 1588.
- Catholic or Protestant
- What church was she to pick for the country and what divides would it create for the people and her popularity?
- England had been a Catholic country under the authority of the Pope for 1,000 years
- In 1533 Henry VIII had replaced the Pope himself and named him the Head of the Church and then set up the Church of England.
What was the population in 1558 in England?
3 million people in England
What were the society pyramid names?
God
The Queen
Nobels and Lords (landowners 50 families)
The gentry (lesser landowners abot 10,000 families)
Wealthy merchants (about 30,000 families) eg. living on ports
Yeoman (farmers who owned land) and Tenant farmers (who rented land)
About 100,000 families and they made money from the surplus they produced
Craftspeople, labourers, servants and the poor about 500,000 families
What were the problems facing a ‘virgin queen’?
Problem 1: Religion decisions
P - What religion would she decide? To keep the Church of England Catholic or change it to Protestant>
E -
S - People not agreeing with her and what effects this would have on her popularity
Problem 2: Poor harvests and what could be done
P - All monarchs needed to enforce the law fairly to reduce hardship and poverty
E - If harvests went badly this would effect the economy
S - Unemployment —- How did people pay for food if prices increase due to lack of crop supply???
Problem 3: What advice would she listen to?
P - She had choose her councillors and who would support her religion
Problem 4: The successor?
P - People wanted her to marry and name a successor
S- People feared she would die without an heir and this would me a civil war with foreign princes trying to rule
Problem 5: Religion among other countries
P - The two most powerful countries Spain & France were Catholics.
- England was at war with France and France allied Scotland which provided with a base to invade England
- A army was needed but she would not lead her army to battle
- Defeat in war would mean Elizabeth being deposed (removed forcefully)
Problem 6: Sexism
P- Many wealthy powerful nobles thought women were too weak to rule the country and she was expected to marry
Problem 7: Elizabeths right to the throne
Some believed she should not be queen due to her parents marriage being illegal making her illegitimate
