KT 1 - The Indigenous People of the Plains Flashcards
1
Q
What were most Tribes divided into?
A
Bands, each with a Chief and a Council.
2
Q
What are 3 examples of The Indigenous People’s tribes?
A
The Sioux, Cheyenne, and Blackfoot.
3
Q
What were 3 key facts about Bands?
A
- Most people were Related to each other.
- Led by Chiefs & had Councils of Advisers.
- Survival & Protection of the Band as a whole was seen as more Important than the Individuals within it.
4
Q
What did Council members in Bands do?
A
Agree everything the band did.
5
Q
What did Chiefs do and how were they chosen?
A
- Chosen because of their wisdom & skills as warriors/hunters.
- Decided where their bands would go
- Decided what should happen to those who broke with customs & traditions. But did not have to be obeyed.
( As well as the Council )
6
Q
What were Tribal Councils?
A
- Formed by the Chiefs & Elders.
- Advised Tribal Chiefs.
7
Q
What were Tribal meetings?
A
- Yearly meetings of all the bands in a Tribe.
- Held to arrange marriages, trade horses, & discuss issues.
8
Q
What were 4 key facts about Warrior Societies?
A
- Formed by the best Warriors from each Band.
- Members supervised Hunting & Protected their Bands from Attack.
- Led all short Raids & Wars.
- The Band’s Council would always Consult them before they made Decisions.
9
Q
What were 3 key facts about Leadership on the Plains?
A
- No decision could be made until everyone at the council had agreed to it.
- The rest of the Tribe/Band did not have to obey the decision.
- Chiefs & Elders were often guided by the spirit world through visions.
10
Q
What was a Consequence of the way Leadership was on the Plains?
A
- The US Government thought that if a chief signed a treaty, all his tribe should obey the terms of it.
- This was not the way Indigenous People’s Society worked.
11
Q
What is an Example of the Consequence of the way Leadership was on the Plains?
A
- In 1868 Chief Red Cloud signed a treaty.
- Many Lakota Sioux Bands followed Chief Sitting Bull, who opposed it.
12
Q
Were all Band Members Equal?
A
Yes, a Band saw every member as being equally important to its survival.
13
Q
What is another name for Men on the Plains?
A
Braves
14
Q
What is another name for Women on the Plains?
A
Squaws
15
Q
What did Men (Braves) do for the Band?
A
- Hunted
- Fought Enemies
16
Q
What did Women (Squaws) do for the Band?
A
- Made Clothing
- Fed the Family
- Looked after their Tipi
17
Q
Who looked after the Children?
A
Everyone, they were taught the skills of their parents.
18
Q
What were 2 features of the Elders in Bands?
A
- Respected for their Wisdom.
- Left behind to die if their weakness threatened the survival of a band.
19
Q
What did the US government try to do to Indian society?
A
Break it up into Family Units.
20
Q
What happened to the Children under the US government’s policies?
A
They were moved to schools far away from their tribe.
21
Q
What was the impact on the Children being moved to distant schools?
A
They did not learn all the skills and traditions of their people.
22
Q
What were the Conditions like on The Great Plains?
A
- Very Dry.
- Very Hot Summers & Extremely Cold Winters.
23
Q
How were Horses obtained on The Great Plains?
A
- Introduced by Spanish Invaders.
- Indigenous People Bred, Traded, and sometimes Stole them.
24
Q
What are 4 Advantages of Horses on The Great Plains?
A
- Vital to surviving on The Great Plains.
- Quicker & Easier to Catch Buffalo.
- Carried Indigenous People & Belongings on their journey to find Buffalo.
- Used in War.
25
What was Wealth and Status Measured in on The Great Plains?
- How many Horses an Indigenous Person or Tribe had.
26
What were Buffalos used for on The Great Plains?
- Every part was used for Food, Clothing, & Equipment.
- Buffalo meat was cut up and eaten raw or cooked.
- Indigenous People believed a Buffalo’s heart gave new life to a herd.
27
What would happen when there was Scarce Food on The Plains?
Bands would split up and spread out.
28
What was a Consequence of Bands splitting up because of Scarce Food on the Plains?
- Bands Moved Outside their Tribe's Traditional Hunting Grounds into Areas Controlled by other Tribes.
- Sometimes this was done by Treaty with other Tribes.
- Sometimes this caused Conflict.
29
What did Indigenous People Raid other Tribes for and why?
- Food
- Horses
- People
- These Raids were part of the way in which the Tribes Survived on The Plains.
30
When & Why did The Indigenous People have a Nomadic Lifestyle?
- Through the Summer & Autumn.
- To follow the Buffalo Migrations.
31
What were Tipis made of?
- Wooden Poles & Covered in Buffalo Hide.
32
What were 3 Advantages of the Tipi?
- Coned Shape Protected against Strong Winds.
- Flaps Provided Ventilation in the Summer Heat.
- Could be Taken Down & Packed Away in Minutes.
33
Where did Bands move to in the Winter and where did they Live?
- Sheltered Valleys.
- Lived in Wooden Lodges, Insulated with Thick Layers of Soil.
34
What was a Consequence of Tribes having a Nomadic Lifestyle?
- Nomadic Tribes found it very difficult to live permanently on reservations because they were used to travelling and hunting freely.
35
What were 3 Beliefs Indigenous People had about Nature?
- Everything in Nature had a Spirit and that these Spirits could Help Humans or Harm them.
- Humans were a Part of Nature & should Work with the Spirits of Nature rather than trying to Tame & Control them.
- They could Contact The Spirit World through Visions & Special Ritual Dances.
36
Why were The Black Hills, Paha Sapa, Sacred for the Lakota Sioux?
- They believed this was where their tribe originally came from.
37
What were The Indigenous People's Views on Owning Land?
- Generally no one owned any land.
- Land was not anyone's property and not something that one person could buy and keep just for themselves.
38
What was a Consequence of The Indigenous People's Views on Owning Land?
- White Settlers had very different views about Property which led to Tension & Conflict.
39
Why did Indigenous People Develop ways to avoid too much Killing?
- Young Men were Essential to each Tribe's Survival.
40
Who was the Highest Respect & Prestige Given to on The Plains?
- Warriors for Counting Coup.
- ( Landing a Blow on an Enemy and Getting Away Without being Injured ).
41
What did Indian War Parties do if a Fight Turned Against Them?
- They would Run Away.
42
What was a Consequence of War Parties Running Away when a Fight Turned Against Them?
- The US Army found it difficult to Fight an Enemy that ran away rather than Fighting to the Last Man.
- They had to Develop new Techniques against Indigenous People's Warfare.
43
When & What was The Indian Removal Act?
- 1830
- Forced Indians in Eastern States to Move West of the Mississippi River.
- 46,000 Eastern Indians were Forced by the US Government to give up their Lands in Return for New Lands West of the Mississippi River.
44
When & What was The Indian Trade & Intercourse Act?
- 1834
- Set out the Permanent Frontier between the USA and Indian Territory.
- Forts Guarded the Frontier to stop Whites Crossing over to Settle in Indian Territory.
45
When did the US Win the Mexican-American War?
- 1848
46
What was the Consequence of the US Winning the Mexican-American War?
- The USA Gained new Territories in the West.
- Indian Territory was now Sandwiched in the Middle of the USA.
47
What did the US Army force Indians to do so US Citizens could Migrate to the West?
- Forced Indians to move away from Trails in case they Attacked Travellers Migrating from East to West.
48
What was a Consequence of the Government Support for Westward Expansion?
- US Policy Started to Change.
- The 'Permanent' Indian Frontier now allowed Whites to cross.
49
When & What was The Indian Appropriations Act?
- 1851
- Money was Allocated for Setting Up Indian Reservations in Modern day Oklahoma.
50
Why did The Indian Appropriations Act take place?
- White Americans wanted to use parts of the lands in the West that had been given to Indians.
51
What were the Purposes of the Indian Appropriations Act?
- To keep Whites and Indians apart.
- To help Indians learn to Farm and Live like White Americans.
52
What did the Government pay Indians to do during the Indian Appropriations Act?
- Paid Indians to give up Land that Whites wanted and move to smaller areas.
53
How did Reservations control The Indigenous People?
- White People could teach Indians about new ways of Living.
- Reservations could become a way of controlling where Indians went and what they did.
