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GCSE Edexcel History Paper 2 - The American West P2 > KT 1 - The Indigenous People of the Plains > Flashcards

KT 1 - The Indigenous People of the Plains Flashcards

1
Q

What were most Tribes divided into?

A

Bands, each with a Chief and a Council.

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2
Q

What are 3 examples of The Indigenous People’s tribes?

A

The Sioux, Cheyenne, and Blackfoot.

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3
Q

What were 3 key facts about Bands?

A
  • Most people were Related to each other.
  • Led by Chiefs & had Councils of Advisers.
  • Survival & Protection of the Band as a whole was seen as more Important than the Individuals within it.
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4
Q

What did Council members in Bands do?

A

Agree everything the band did.

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5
Q

What did Chiefs do and how were they chosen?

A
  • Chosen because of their wisdom & skills as warriors/hunters.
  • Decided where their bands would go
  • Decided what should happen to those who broke with customs & traditions. But did not have to be obeyed.
    ( As well as the Council )
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6
Q

What were Tribal Councils?

A
  • Formed by the Chiefs & Elders.
  • Advised Tribal Chiefs.
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7
Q

What were Tribal meetings?

A
  • Yearly meetings of all the bands in a Tribe.
  • Held to arrange marriages, trade horses, & discuss issues.
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8
Q

What were 4 key facts about Warrior Societies?

A
  • Formed by the best Warriors from each Band.
  • Members supervised Hunting & Protected their Bands from Attack.
  • Led all short Raids & Wars.
  • The Band’s Council would always Consult them before they made Decisions.
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9
Q

What were 3 key facts about Leadership on the Plains?

A
  • No decision could be made until everyone at the council had agreed to it.
  • The rest of the Tribe/Band did not have to obey the decision.
  • Chiefs & Elders were often guided by the spirit world through visions.
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10
Q

What was a Consequence of the way Leadership was on the Plains?

A
  • The US Government thought that if a chief signed a treaty, all his tribe should obey the terms of it.
  • This was not the way Indigenous People’s Society worked.
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11
Q

What is an Example of the Consequence of the way Leadership was on the Plains?

A
  • In 1868 Chief Red Cloud signed a treaty.
  • Many Lakota Sioux Bands followed Chief Sitting Bull, who opposed it.
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12
Q

Were all Band Members Equal?

A

Yes, a Band saw every member as being equally important to its survival.

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13
Q

What is another name for Men on the Plains?

A

Braves

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14
Q

What is another name for Women on the Plains?

A

Squaws

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15
Q

What did Men (Braves) do for the Band?

A
  • Hunted
  • Fought Enemies
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16
Q

What did Women (Squaws) do for the Band?

A
  • Made Clothing
  • Fed the Family
  • Looked after their Tipi
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17
Q

Who looked after the Children?

A

Everyone, they were taught the skills of their parents.

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18
Q

What were 2 features of the Elders in Bands?

A
  • Respected for their Wisdom.
  • Left behind to die if their weakness threatened the survival of a band.
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19
Q

What did the US government try to do to Indian society?

A

Break it up into Family Units.

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20
Q

What happened to the Children under the US government’s policies?

A

They were moved to schools far away from their tribe.

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21
Q

What was the impact on the Children being moved to distant schools?

A

They did not learn all the skills and traditions of their people.

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22
Q

What were the Conditions like on The Great Plains?

A
  • Very Dry.
  • Very Hot Summers & Extremely Cold Winters.
23
Q

How were Horses obtained on The Great Plains?

A
  • Introduced by Spanish Invaders.
  • Indigenous People Bred, Traded, and sometimes Stole them.
24
Q

What are 4 Advantages of Horses on The Great Plains?

A
  • Vital to surviving on The Great Plains.
  • Quicker & Easier to Catch Buffalo.
  • Carried Indigenous People & Belongings on their journey to find Buffalo.
  • Used in War.
25
Q

What was Wealth and Status Measured in on The Great Plains?

A
  • How many Horses an Indigenous Person or Tribe had.
26
Q

What were Buffalos used for on The Great Plains?

A
  • Every part was used for Food, Clothing, & Equipment.
  • Buffalo meat was cut up and eaten raw or cooked.
  • Indigenous People believed a Buffalo’s heart gave new life to a herd.
27
Q

What would happen when there was Scarce Food on The Plains?

A

Bands would split up and spread out.

28
Q

What was a Consequence of Bands splitting up because of Scarce Food on the Plains?

A
  • Bands Moved Outside their Tribe’s Traditional Hunting Grounds into Areas Controlled by other Tribes.
  • Sometimes this was done by Treaty with other Tribes.
  • Sometimes this caused Conflict.
29
Q

What did Indigenous People Raid other Tribes for and why?

A
  • Food
  • Horses
  • People
  • These Raids were part of the way in which the Tribes Survived on The Plains.
30
Q

When & Why did The Indigenous People have a Nomadic Lifestyle?

A
  • Through the Summer & Autumn.
  • To follow the Buffalo Migrations.
31
Q

What were Tipis made of?

A
  • Wooden Poles & Covered in Buffalo Hide.
32
Q

What were 3 Advantages of the Tipi?

A
  • Coned Shape Protected against Strong Winds.
  • Flaps Provided Ventilation in the Summer Heat.
  • Could be Taken Down & Packed Away in Minutes.
33
Q

Where did Bands move to in the Winter and where did they Live?

A
  • Sheltered Valleys.
  • Lived in Wooden Lodges, Insulated with Thick Layers of Soil.
34
Q

What was a Consequence of Tribes having a Nomadic Lifestyle?

A
  • Nomadic Tribes found it very difficult to live permanently on reservations because they were used to travelling and hunting freely.
35
Q

What were 3 Beliefs Indigenous People had about Nature?

A
  • Everything in Nature had a Spirit and that these Spirits could Help Humans or Harm them.
  • Humans were a Part of Nature & should Work with the Spirits of Nature rather than trying to Tame & Control them.
  • They could Contact The Spirit World through Visions & Special Ritual Dances.
36
Q

Why were The Black Hills, Paha Sapa, Sacred for the Lakota Sioux?

A
  • They believed this was where their tribe originally came from.
37
Q

What were The Indigenous People’s Views on Owning Land?

A
  • Generally no one owned any land.
  • Land was not anyone’s property and not something that one person could buy and keep just for themselves.
38
Q

What was a Consequence of The Indigenous People’s Views on Owning Land?

A
  • White Settlers had very different views about Property which led to Tension & Conflict.
39
Q

Why did Indigenous People Develop ways to avoid too much Killing?

A
  • Young Men were Essential to each Tribe’s Survival.
40
Q

Who was the Highest Respect & Prestige Given to on The Plains?

A
  • Warriors for Counting Coup.
  • ( Landing a Blow on an Enemy and Getting Away Without being Injured ).
41
Q

What did Indian War Parties do if a Fight Turned Against Them?

A
  • They would Run Away.
42
Q

What was a Consequence of War Parties Running Away when a Fight Turned Against Them?

A
  • The US Army found it difficult to Fight an Enemy that ran away rather than Fighting to the Last Man.
  • They had to Develop new Techniques against Indigenous People’s Warfare.
43
Q

When & What was The Indian Removal Act?

A
  • 1830
  • Forced Indians in Eastern States to Move West of the Mississippi River.
  • 46,000 Eastern Indians were Forced by the US Government to give up their Lands in Return for New Lands West of the Mississippi River.
44
Q

When & What was The Indian Trade & Intercourse Act?

A
  • 1834
  • Set out the Permanent Frontier between the USA and Indian Territory.
  • Forts Guarded the Frontier to stop Whites Crossing over to Settle in Indian Territory.
45
Q

When did the US Win the Mexican-American War?

A
  • 1848
46
Q

What was the Consequence of the US Winning the Mexican-American War?

A
  • The USA Gained new Territories in the West.
  • Indian Territory was now Sandwiched in the Middle of the USA.
47
Q

What did the US Army force Indians to do so US Citizens could Migrate to the West?

A
  • Forced Indians to move away from Trails in case they Attacked Travellers Migrating from East to West.
48
Q

What was a Consequence of the Government Support for Westward Expansion?

A
  • US Policy Started to Change.
  • The ‘Permanent’ Indian Frontier now allowed Whites to cross.
49
Q

When & What was The Indian Appropriations Act?

A
  • 1851
  • Money was Allocated for Setting Up Indian Reservations in Modern day Oklahoma.
50
Q

Why did The Indian Appropriations Act take place?

A
  • White Americans wanted to use parts of the lands in the West that had been given to Indians.
51
Q

What were the Purposes of the Indian Appropriations Act?

A
  • To keep Whites and Indians apart.
  • To help Indians learn to Farm and Live like White Americans.
52
Q

What did the Government pay Indians to do during the Indian Appropriations Act?

A
  • Paid Indians to give up Land that Whites wanted and move to smaller areas.
53
Q

How did Reservations control The Indigenous People?

A
  • White People could teach Indians about new ways of Living.
  • Reservations could become a way of controlling where Indians went and what they did.

GCSE Edexcel History Paper 2 - The American West P2 (1 decks)

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