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Year 9 EOY > KS3 Biology > Flashcards

KS3 Biology Flashcards

1
Q

In humans what is the name of the female sex cell?

A

Egg cell

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2
Q

In humans what is the name of the male sex cell?

A

Sperm cell

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3
Q

When an egg cell and a sperm cell fuse: ________

A

Fertilisation

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4
Q

Gow many chromosomes are in the nucleus of a normal human body cell?

A

46

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5
Q

How is DNA arranged?

A

Into strands called chromosomes

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6
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of a chromosome that controls a particular characteristic.

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7
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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8
Q

How many forms of each gene do we inherit?

A

Two (called alleles)

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To control what enters and leaves the cel

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10
Q

What is the function of the nucleus of a cell?

A

To contain the DNA (chromosomes)

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11
Q

What is an allele?

A

An allele is a different form of a gene. (e.g the alleles for an eye colour gene could be brown, blue, green, etc.)

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12
Q

What does the phrase “homozygous alleles” mean?

A

If an individual has 2 identical alleles for a characteristic

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13
Q

What does the phrase “heterozygous alleles” mean?

A

If an individual has 2 different alleles for a characteristic

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14
Q

What sex chromosomes has a male inherited?

A

XY

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15
Q

What sex chromosomes has a female inherited?

A

XX

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16
Q

How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of a human sex cell?

A

23

17
Q

What are the 2 types of phenotype (physical expression of our alleles) variation?

A

Genetic and environmental

18
Q

Scars - environmental or genetic variation?

A

Environmental

19
Q

Blood group - environmental or genetic variation?

A

Genetic

20
Q

What ks a genetic disorder?

A

A diseased caused by a faulty gene or chromosome

21
Q

What is a recessive genetic disorder?

A

A genetic disorder carried on a recessive allele. The individual has inherited a faulty allele from each parent.

22
Q

What is a dominant genetic disorder?

A

A genetic disorder carried on a recessive allele. The individual has inherited a faulty allele from at least one parent.

23
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Choosing two organisms with a desirable characteristic to breed, as their offspring will likely have the same characteristic.

24
Q

What is the process of selective breeding?

A
  1. Choose two parents with the desired characteristic
  2. Breed them together
  3. Choose offspring that show the desired characteristic and breed them.
  4. Repeat over many generations.
25
Q

What are the disadvantages of selective breeding?

A
  1. Can lead to inbreeding
  2. Genetic pool gets smaller leading to more harmful recessive alleles to be passed on
  3. Offspring are more susceptible to diseases
26
Q

What are the advantages of selective breeding?

A
  1. Increased yield (e.g more milk/meat from cattle, larger crops for food)
  2. Disease resistance in food crops or plants
  3. Produce domestic animals with a desired characteristic (e.g docile/territorial)
  4. More decorative plants
  5. New varieties of crops
27
Q

What is a GMO?

A

Genetically modified organism

28
Q

What happens in gneetic engineering?

A

Genes of an organism are changed by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic.

29
Q

What are the stages in genetic engineering?

A
  1. Select the desired characteristic (e.g. insulin gene)
  2. Isolate the gene responsible for the characteristic (using enzymes)
  3. Insert this gene into another organism (e.g. a bacterium)
  4. Replicate the organism.
30
Q

What are the advantages of genetic engineering?

A
  1. Better crop yield
  2. Extended shelf-life of fresh fruit/veg
  3. Manufacture a certain chemical (e.g insulin)
31
Q

What are the disadvantages of genetic engineering?

A
  1. Inserted genes may have unwanted side effects
  2. Genetically modified crops may be harmful to humans/animals when eaten
  3. Damages food chains
    4.

Year 9 EOY (5 decks)

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