Korean Grammar TOPIK I Flashcards
location+에 (ex: 집에)
location marker (to, at, in)
location+에서 (ex: 집에서)
location marker (where action is taking place)
location+으로 (ex: 집으로)
towards, indicating direction
name + 씨 와 + name (ex: 민수 씨와 지영)
name with name
number+개 (ex: 세 개)
number of things, objects
noun+과/와 (ex: 책과/친구와)
and, with (사과와 바나나)
noun+보다 (ex: 어제보다)
more/less than, compared to (영화가 책보다 재미있어요, the movie is MORE interesting THAN the book)
noun+아/어/여서 (ex: 예뻐서)
because, so (used to emphasize something, 너무 예뻐서 좋아해요, I like it BECAUSE it’s pretty)
noun+에 (ex: 회사에)
for, indicating purpose or beneficiary, target (usually for objects)
noun+으로/로 (ex: 버스로/연필로)
because of, by means of (indicating reason for something, method or choice, or means to do something, 버스로 갔어요, I go BY bus)
noun+은/는 (ex: 책은)
topic marker (what/who is the main focus?)
noun+을/를 (ex: 사과를)
object marker (what?)
noun+의 (ex: 친구의)
indication possession (‘ in English, teacher’s bag)
noun+이/가 (ex: 고양이가)
subject marker (what is?)
noun+이나 (ex: 사과나)
or, as in alternative or choice between things
noun+이랑/랑 (ex: 친구랑)
and, with (connecting nouns, more informal)
noun+인데 (ex: 바쁜데)
since, but, though, provides context
number+개월 (ex: 두 개월)
number of months
number+대 (ex: 세 대)
number of vehicles, large thing
number+마리 (ex: 두 마리)
number of animals
number+번 (ex: 세 번)
number of times
number+병 (ex: 한 병)
number of bottles
number+푼 (ex: 십 푼)
number of points, parts
time+에 (ex: 5시에)
indicates time when action takes place (3시에 만나요)
verb+ㄹ (ex: 읽을)
indicating future/potential state of action (바쁘다 -> 바쁠)
verb+거나 (ex: 보거나)
or, as in choice between two actions
verb+게 (ex: 부드럽게)
adverb form of verb (ly as in quickly)
verb+고 있다 (ex: 공부하고 있어요)
ongoing action (ing as in doing, going)
verb+기 (ex: 읽기)
verb as noun (ing as in walking)
verb+러 (ex: 보러)
to, indicating purpose (I go TO learn, 배우러 가요)
verb+면 (ex: 마시면)
if/when, conditional form (if “X” drinks, if it rains, 술 마시면 취해요)
verb+수 있다/없다/있는 (ex: 풀 수 있어요)
able to, possible to do, can, cannot (할 수 있어요, I CAN do it)
verb+아/어야 하다 (ex: 일어나야)
to have, to must (do something)
verb+아요/어요 (ex: 읽어요)
present tense (polite)
verb+았어요/었어요 (ex: 봤어요)
past tense (polite form, went, ate)
verb+은/ㄴ (ex: 읽은)
adjective form of verb (painted, eaten, written, drawn, 그린, 본, 먹은)
verb+을/ㄹ 거예요 (ex: 볼 거예요)
future tense (polite, will do, will go)
verb+지 않다 (ex: 하지 않아요)
negative future tense (will not do)
word+도 (ex: 나도)
also, too (I do too, I also do)
word+만 (ex: 이것만)
expressing only/just (I ONLY eat apples, 사과만 먹어요)
word+을/를 위해 (ex: 친구를 위해)
for the purpose of a goal or action (건강을 위해 운동해요, I exercise FOR my health)
word+지만 (ex: 좋아하지만)
expressing contrast, opposites, noun or verb + but, however (배고프지만, I’m hungry BUT, 사람이지만, is a person BUT)
person/animal+에게/한테 (ex: 친구에게)
direction/action particle (give to, hand to, do to the person/animal)
word+하고 (ex: 책하고)
and, with, can be repeated, can be generally used for items and verbs as well
더 (ex: 책이 더 좋아요)
something being more, further (er in English)
못+verb (ex: 못 봤어요)
unable to act (can’t go)
신+noun (ex: 신제품을)
new something
안+word (ex: 안 가고 싶어요)
negating something or action
number+째 (ex: 두 번째 or 둘째)
nd for numbers, used for ranking
verb+면 좋겠다 (ex: 비가 안 오면 좋겠어요)
I hope or It would be nice if
verb+지 (ex: 계획을 세우지 않았어요.)
negative present action, something isn’t being done
verb+니까 (ex: 배고프니까 밥을 먹을 거예요.)
because, since, indicating reason for doing something (casual)
