Konsep Dasar Genetika

Question 1

DNA vs. Gene vs. Kromosom

Answer 1

Gene is a part of DNA & bersifat diwariskan krn pny sifat ekspresi.

1 molekul DNA = 1 lengan kromosom
DNA berada di dlm 1 lengan kromosom
Gene tiap kromosom berbeda

Size comparison: gene -> DNA -> Kromosom

Question 2

Correct scientific name for bidang equatorial?

Answer 2

Metafase plate

Question 3

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Answer 3

Mitosis: pembelahan menjadi 2, masing2 identik & memiliki kromosom yang sama
Meiosis: pembelahan menjadi 4, masing2 memiliki half of the original chromosome.

Question 4

Kenapa adenine diganti ke urasil di RNA?

Answer 4

DNA: double-helix
RNA: single-helix

Adenine terlalu berat untuk RNA. Berat molekul urasil lebih rendah dibanding timin.

Question 5

DNA vs. RNA

Answer 5

DNA:

• Deoksiribosa (kehilangan oksigen, makannya ada de)
• Double helix
• Store genetic information
• Basa nitrogen: A-T, C-G

RNA:

• Ribosa
• Single helix
• Build protein from genetic information
• Basa nitrogen: U-T, C-G

Question 6

Purin vs. Pirimidin

Answer 6

Purin: memiliki 4 nitrogen dalam sikliknya (adenin & guanin)
Pirimidin: memiliki 2 nitrogen dalam sikliknya (sitosin, timin, & urasil)

Question 7

When & how can chromosomes be visualized?

Answer 7

Pada fase pembelahan/mitosis menjadi 23 pasang kromosom.

Question 8

What are the sources of genetic variation?

Answer 8

Dari pembelahan

Question 9

Where is the DNA located?

Answer 9

Nucleus (linear DNA), mitochondrion (circular DNA), & chloroplasts (circular DNA).

Question 10

Explain coding & template DNA strand

Answer 10

5’- 3’ : sense strand/coding/non-template DNA
3’- 5’ : nonsense strand/non-coding/template DNA
Transcription
5’- 3’ : mRNA
Translation
Polypeptide chain

Question 11

Start & stop codon?

Answer 11

Start: AUG
Stop: UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 12

Why are nonsense codons called nonsense?

Answer 12

Because they have stop codons. Stop codons are often called nonsense codons because they don’t code an amino acid but instead signals the end of protein synthesis.

Question 13

What is transcription?

Answer 13

DNA information is copied to into mRNA, then stored in the nuclei as a template.
Steps: initiation, elongation, & termination

Question 14

Explain splicing in transcription!

Answer 14

Introns (non-coding region of genes) & exons (coding regions) are joined together to create mature mRNA.

Question 15

What is translation?

Answer 15

Translation of nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence bound together by peptide bonds.

Question 16

What are Chargaff’s rules?

Answer 16

In a purin = pirimidin combination, the ration is 1:1

Question 17

Jelaskan kode genetik singlet, duplet, triplet

Answer 17

Singlet: one letter that represents an amino acid
Duplet: two letters
Triplet: three letters