Knowledge test Flashcards
1
Q
What was introduced during Kaiserreich to restrict role of women?
A
National civil code legalised lower status of women, with husbands having ownership and authority of children/property/wealth
2
Q
Why did the Kaiserreich want to limit womens opportunities?
A
-Kaiserreich thought they were too fragile to play important roles in society, therefore banned from voting, education and politics
3
Q
What was deemed different about womens work and what did this mean for them?
A
- Womens work considered unskilled, worked in worse conditions and with less pay compared to men
- Perception that women work increased infant mortality and worsened family lives
4
Q
What potentially positive things were introduced for women during Kaiserreich and how was it limited?
A
Welfare provisions included 6 weeks maternity leave and 11 working day
-no women to work in mining and longer Saturday lunch times to encourage domestic work
Whilst these were potential benefits for women, it was only to reinforce gender stereotypes in work
5
Q
What big divide was obvious between women after WW1?
A
-clear divide between urban women and rural women, the positives for urban women was not enough to deem a complete improvement in the lives of all women
6
Q
which women in Weimar saw most negative affects with evidence?
A
- Rural women very much remained in traditional roles, expected to stop working once married
- had the lower paid jobs still and a lower status than men
7
Q
Which period saw the biggest improvement for women and why?
A
Weimar saw the liberalisation of women in its 12 years with women becoming independent and taking on more prosperous opporunities
8
Q
what % of weimar and Länder governments did women make up and how did this compare to GB?
A
-Women made up 9.6% of weimar and 6.1% of Länder parliaments, compared to GB where only 2% of MPs were women
9
Q
What was radically different for women under weimar compared to before in terms of their position in society?
A
-Weimar moved away from previous civil code and ensured women were given equal employment opportunities and status, as well as education and pay
10
Q
what could women do in Weimar which they couldnt do before?
A
Women over 20 could vote
11
Q
Why did the pre conception of women marriage fade after the war?
A
-Pre-conception of marriage for young women wasn’t viable after 2 million men were lost in the way, which helped empower them
12
Q
how did the war help the position of women?
A
-women worked in industries like chemicals and engineering for the first time to help the war effort
13
Q
Why was Nazi Germany negative for some women?
weimar women
A
- Nazis wanted women to conform to a traditional peasantry ‘blood and soil’ lifestyle which discouraged them from industrial work
- a lifestyle which Reverte weimar women back to imperial germany
14
Q
What was encouraged for women in Nazi Germany and how?
A
Women of child birthing age given amenities and the mothers cross for having a certain amount of children
15
Q
How did employment of women change under Nazi Germany including education roles?
A
- only 10% of university places reserved for women and females teachers fell by 15% between 1933-35
- only 900,000 of the 3 million women workers were utilised in 1943
16
Q
What was banned under the Nazis which negatively affected women having children?
A
Abortion
17
Q
What positives were there for some working women during the Nazis? ie the war
A
-During the war women made up 60% of the work force in industrial occupations and in 1943 3 million women were conscripted to work (only 900,000 used)
18
Q
What benefits did rural women get under the nazis
A
- women of child birthing age provided with 25800 litres of milk, 1500 grocery packages and 172 sets of baby clothes
- mothers cross awarded for women having multiple children
- rural women benefited from improved sanitation, an expansion of health offices and racial and genetic care under the NSV
19
Q
What % of doctors, headteachers and university lecturers did women make up in west Germany?
A
-women made up only 4% of doctors, 20% of headteachers and 5% of university lecturers
20
Q
How did the new benefits system after WW2 discriminated against women?
A
-Benefits after WW2 discriminated against women as they were based off of life earnings, of which women had very little to claim because of the enforced gender roles of the Nazis
21
Q
How much of the workforce did women make up in West Germany and how did this compare to weimar?
A
-by 1980 women made up only 39% of the work force despite the economic boom, only 2% more than weimar germany
22
Q
How equal were men and women both in law and in reality in West Germany?
A
-in law women were the most equal to men that they had been but in reality they were still grossly under-represented and in many ways still determined by their husbands success
23
Q
How did university enrolment of women change In the west?
A
-made up 38% of students by 1980 and by early 1980s the number of women admitted to university matched that of men
24
Q
What inspired women in the west to improve their position in society?
A
-feminist movements in America empowered similar women in Germany, campaigning for greater opportunities and equality
25
What legal improvements were women granted in the west?
-granted complete marriage equality for the 1st time, and women could also seek employment and divorce without husband permission
26
What aspects of the Kaiserreich meant land owners retained some of their power?
- Bismarck’s constitution meant junkers in the Bundesrat could veto legislation
- chancellor was chosen by the king who was often a junker
27
How did Junkers challenge the rising lower classes/ SPD in Kaiserreich?
-they challenged the rise of the SPD and working classes by forming an alliance with the national liberals (DVP)
28
What was significant about the junkers alliance with the middle classes?
-the alliance with the middle classes owed to their slow decline because they had to make big compromises with ‘big business’ that saw government policy favour the industrialists over the junkers
29
Why was Germany's economy shifting away from the land owning elites?
-industrialisation saw the loss of control over agrarian Germany as it shifted towards mAnufacturing, further undermining the power of the junkers as the upper middle classes became more important
30
Why was Germany's shifting political system bad for the junkers?
- the changes being made to Germany towards a federal republic meant junkers had to work harder to retain the power that they had enjoyed in Prussia
- becoming more democratic and rise of lower classes
31
What aspect of the war saw Junkers retain their position in society?
-silent dictatorship saw Germany controlled in war time by two junkers, strong enough to render the kaiser useless as he was not called upon to direct the war
32
How did Eberts response to revolution help the junkers?
-Eberts response to revolution meant that the power of the junkers was kept up, eg the Ebert Groener pact meant the leadership of the army was not reformed and Von Seeckt remained as commander in chief of the army for 6 years
33
What other aspect of weimar showed a lack of decline of the junkers?
- the judiciary was unreformed under Weimar, allowing the junkers to remain in charge of prosecution and could be biased towards the right wing eg Hitler V Fechenbach
34
What did Prince max do which prompted some decline in the junkers position?
abolished the 3 class voting system
35
What event did Hitler carry out to appease the Junkers in the short term and why did he have to?
- Hitler managed to manipulate the junkers throughout nazi Germany to stop any early challenges from them against his power; also Hindenburg was a Junker so Hitler needed to support them until his death
- the night of the long knives where the SA were purged by the SS gained the support of military leadership, as the SA were previously getting too reckless and powerful under Roehm
36
what was the turning point of the Junkers social position?
Hindenburgs death 2nd August
37
What changes did Hitler make to politicians and the army to reduce power of junkers?
-powerful junkers eg Von Paper was removed from the cabinet, and Junkers Blomberg and Fritsch were replaced by Hitler as head of the armed forces after they opposed his foreign policy
38
What did hitler use as an excuse to remove ties to imperial Germany, what did he do and how did it affect junkers?
-After Stauffenberg attempted to kill Hitler, 5000 people were killed by Hitler, with many being Junkers that Hitler wanted to kill to remove links to imperial Germany
39
By what point did the Junkers importance end and why?
- the split of east and west Germany completed the decline as most junker land was in the east when it split
- Junkers in the east saw their land split up and redistributed, and by 1952 Junkers had effectively been ended
40
Why was peasantry lifestyle upheld in Bismarck era?
-the peasantry lifestyle was only upheld by the Junkers who's income relied on peasants, however the junkers saw a similar decline too and found It increasingly difficult to stay relevant
41
What benefits and drawbacks did peasants see under Kaiserreich and why?
- increasingly industrialised society saw industries like chemicals and electronics boom relative to agriculture which saw a loss in importance
- Junkers attempted to uphold the peasantry importance because they relied on their work on their land for income
- Tariffs introduced by Bismarck (led to NL split) stopped the import of cheap grain from Russia and USA which helped peasants to some exte
42
What factors saw a decline in peasantry during WW1 and Weimar
- Agricultural production saw a dip due to the loss of people on the front line, and fertilisers and fuel were prioritised for the war effort
- major food shortages during the war ie turnip winter and 35% of pigs killed to save grain
- increasing competitiveness of European farmers and better techniques saw German produce fall in its valu
43
How did Nazis initially help peasants?
- initial improvements to help farming due to Darre's drive towards 'blood and soil' and rural uptopi
- Nazis paid off farm mortgages, gave low interest rates, and the reich food estate 1933 helped keep supply up
44
Why did peasants decline under Nazis?
-despite this peasantry continued its decline due to the shift towards war time industry, Hitler only ever met minister for agriculture twice because he was disinterested
45
Why did peasants decline in west germany
- Those who had remained in farming benefited from increased mechanisation and better production techniques, with smaller farms joining together to build larger farms
- farming machinery subsidised by the govenment
- less demand for peasants as machines took ove
46
How did agricultural contributions to GDP and number of workers employed as peasants decline over the years?
- in 1900, 30% of GDP was agricultural but only 2% by 1989
| - 49% employed in agriculture in 1880 but only 2% in 1989
47
What social insurance was introduced by Bismarck?
-social insurance included sickness insurance in 1883 which provided 13 weeks pay for 3 million workers, accident insurance in 1884 have 13 weeks payment financed by employers, and old age pensions from 1889 for those over 70 (most were dead)
48
What was unemployment levels from 1900 to 1914?
unemployment only went above 3% in one year from 1900 to the war, and average wages increased 25%
49
What were living conditions like for the urban classes from 1900 to 1914 and what % lived in destitution?
-however living conditions were poor with 30% of families living in destitution
50
What was Caprivi labelled and what reforms did he introduce for the urban working class?
-Caprivi was a closet socialist who banned Sunday work and stopped women working more than 11 hours a week
51
What did Bulow introduce to help urban working classes?
-Bülow extended accident insurance and the ban on child labour
52
What was the biggest benefit to the urban working class under weimar?
bill of rights
53
How did real wages change in 1927 and 1928?
-Real wages increased by 9% in 1927 and 12% in 1928
54
What work place reforms were introduced in weimar to help urban class?
-stinnes liegen act legitimised unions and secured a 8 hour day
55
How many houses were built during weimar and how did the population change from 1870?
-2 million new houses built to accommodate for 4x population in urban areas
56
NAzi Germany examples of effect on urban working clasS?
- The Nazis did solve the 40% unemployment through public work schemes like the RAD, with 5 billion RM invested into such schemes which reflected the work of the new deal in USA
- working class grew 10% in Nazi germany
- KDF holidays increased from 2.3 million to 10.3 million from 1934-38
- unemployment reached 35,000 out of 25 million males, KDF provided 7000 paid jobs and 135,000 voluntary roles
- however production was geared towards the war effort and commercial industries declined to practically nothing by 1940
- 20% of workers were immigrants by 1944 and so they were unprepared to help the war effort
57
How did rural population change in w germany from 1950-1970?
23% to 8%
58
What did marshall aid show to the urban working classes and how did it effect them?
-investment from Marshall aid showed the importance of capitalism in Germany and led to the movement from heavy industry to more refined industries like electrical and engineering
59
Which two cities became industrial powerhouses in West Germany and who helped this?
-Frankfurt and Hamburg emerged as Industrial powerhouses in Germany amid another small industrial revolution, facilitated by Erhard
60
How many guest workers did W germany receive altogether?
14 million
61
How many people lived in towns over 10,000 people in W Germany and how did this compare to the east?
-75% of people lived in towns of over 10,000 in the west compared to 57% in the east
62
Why did WCW grow under Kaiserreich??
-Germany developed more tertiary sector industries and grew economically, increasing demand for refined workers like teachers, lawyers and scientists
63
How did Prussias civil service, teachers and doctors grow under Kaiser(WCW)
-Prussian civil service grew from 40,000 to 250,000 from 1850-1907, number of teachers grew 43% from 1890-1910 and number of doctors doubled over the period
64
What did WCW form and what did they get in 1911 which benefited them but enhanced class divides?
-white collar workers got a separate state insurance compared to normal workers in 1911 through their co-ordinating committee
65
How were the lives of WCW better than working classes?
-they enjoyed better pay, better conditions and better representation from their growth in society, enhancing divides between middle and working classes
66
Why were there divides between WCW and lower classes under kaiser?
-social divides existed due to the rise of the white collar workers and their emphasis compared to artisans
67
What started the decline in WCW and what happened?
-during the war white collar workers saw a fall in their living standards to the same standard as the working classes but the white collar workers had developed more socialist tendencies and often challenged the dominance of Prussia, voting SPD themselves
68
What didnt the WCW enjoy under Weimar which other workers did and how many WCW were unemployed in 1928
-White collar workers did not enjoy the real wage increases of the working classes between 1925-1929 and in 1928 183,000 white collar workers were unemployed
69
What did lower classes receive which WCW didnt get as much of in Weimar, and how many WCW received nothing at all?
-white collar workers did not receive the same level of state support as blue collar workers and 90,000 had no support at all
70
What happened during Weimar which made WCW much worse off?
-the savings of the white collar workers were rendered almost worthless due to the impact of hyperinflation
71
What impact did the war have on WCW and how much did WCW grow between 1909 and 1925?
- the shift in jobs towards women and changed in industries due to the war meant that WCW often had employment problems
- number of white collar workers doubled from 1907-1925 which aided these problems of unemployment
72
What did the Nazis suggest which appealed to the WCW?
-The Nazis promise to prohibit female work in such professions appealed to the WCW as they had more employment opportunities
73
How represented were WCW under the Nazis compared to blue collar workers?
-By joining the Nazi party the WCW could enjoy enhanced benefits and by the end of 1933 they were 65% over-represented whilst blue collar workers were 30% under-represented as a % of the population that they made up
74
What benefits did WCW receive under the Nazis compared to blue collar workers?
-They received a 10% pay rise under the Nazis compared to blue-collar workers and enjoyed better welfare ie better pensions and insurance scheme
75
How much did WCW grow under the Nazis and what proportion of workers did they make up by 1940?
-They grew 25% in the 1930s owing to the increased benefits they received compared to under weimar, making up 1 in 4 workers by 1940
76
Why did W Germany increase the importance of WCW?
SHIFTING IMPORTANCE TO WCW IN SOCIETY DUE TO ECONOMIC GROWTH AND REFINED INDUSTRY
-Rapid industrial growth drove huge expansion of the WCW due to new service industries,
77
How much of the workforce did WCW make up under W Germany and how did this compare to 1890?
making up 35% of th workforce compared to 10% in 1890; this made them the largest group in Germany's workforce
78
What did WCW growth allow Germany to become?
-their growth allows Germany to rebuild as one of the world most successful capitalist countrie
79
How did divides between WCW and working classes change under W Germany and why?
-there was less division between working classes and WCW and generally everyone enjoyed good wages and high living standards
80
How did real wages change between 1950-64 and why was this better for WCW than Weimar?
Doubled, helping WCW even if they didnt benefit under weimar
81
What was introduced in 1956 to help WCW purchase more stuff?
-1956 law passed to help people buy houses and tax allowances changed to allow people to buy cars
82
How much of the workforce were employed in service industries by 1989?
66%
83
What two groups didnt see the same benefits as WCW in the FRG?
-blue collar workers did not see such vast benefits and women were still discouraged from working and paid less, but white collar workers enjoyed great benefits
84
What was the main way that the Kaiserreich negatively affected artisans?
Industrialisation meant new factories and workers could mass produce goods at a much lower cost and sell for cheaper
85
What artisan industries died out due to the Kaiserreich?
Dyeing and weaving
86
By what % did one man artisan industries decline after 1880?
14%
87
What were the artisans angry about under the Kaiser?
Lack of political representation and rise of the working classes which undermine their craft
88
Which failed law tried to help artisans?
Craft laws
89
What potentially positive benefit was there for artisans under the Kaiser?
Access to new methods and equipment potentially made artisan industries easier too
90
What did the artisans turn to in the 1920s?
Radical parties like the Nazis
91
What % of the Nazi party and what % of the population did artisans make up in the 1920s?
33% compared to 27%
92
What was the Nazi manifesto and why did it appeal to the Artisans?
25 point plan; talked of restricting large corporations and breaking them apart to sell premises to artisans at a reduced rate
93
What help did artisans get during weimar (which most people got)
More state support/ welfare
94
How did the Nazis initially try to help artisans?
Protecting their businesses and not employing low skilled and low paid workers to stop industrialisation crippling industries
95
What element of the Nazi regime provided jobs for artisans?
making boots for the army
96
Why did Nazis want to support artisans?
Hitler wanted to thank them for their sustained support during the 1920s
97
What did Nazis do to stop department stores overtaking artisans?
Stopped their expansion in providing services undertaken by the artisans ie shoe repairing and butchering
98
By what % did artisan business initially increase under nazis
20%
99
What % did artisan business fall under nazis?
11%
100
Why did Nazis eventually turn away from artisans?
-by the end of the 1930s the Nazis began to restrict artisan business because there was deemed to be too many, with many being closed if they became economically unviable
101
How did department stores grow in the latter part of the Nazis (artisans)
-their businesses fell 11% from 1936-39 and department store turnover increased 10% due to employing 90,000 workers
102
What was provided to artisans under west Germany which boosted their role in society
-following the marshall plan and the recovery of the economy, artisans were given special status which meant they could oversee the training and organisation of skilled workers
103
How many people were artisans in 1955 and how did this compare to 1939
3.5 million, 1 million more than 1939
104
What did artisans do to help German industry
-many focused on trade that supported big industry such as skilled metal working rather than stuff like textiles, increasing their prosperity
105
What did artisans set up during the war?
Co-operatives
106
What helped smaller artisans enjoy prosperity in west Germany
Extension of co operatives set up during the war
