Knowledge test Flashcards
What economic system did Schumacher want to introduce to Germany and how did it effect his 1949 election campaign?
- closed communist style economy which prohibited innovation and prosperity
- The USA were immediately put off by it because of its connotations to the USSR, decreasing his success
What examples were there of Schumachers election posters and how did this effect his 1949 campaign??
- Lots of aggressive anti-communist posters depicting Germany sectioned off from the communist east by barbed wire.
- Germany labelled as the red country which connoted communism
- Once again not favoured by USA, as well as conflicting with his economic tactics
What did Schumacher do to try and attack Adenauer and how did it effect his election chances in 1949
- called him a puppet of the church
- 45% of germany were catholic compared to 33% before the war, which turned them away from voting for Schumacher and more towards Adenauer
By how much % did Adenauer win the 1949 election by??
2%
Who did Adenauer use for economics and what examples were there of his success??
Erhard was Adenauer’s economic minister and was a world renowned economist
- Germanys GDP tripled in the 1950s due to his work
- real wages doubled from 1950-64
How was Adenauer presented in his 1949 election campaign and how did this help??
- He was portrayed as angelic and noble, dressed in white in one of them
- this made him seem more paternal compared to the aggression of Schumacher’s campaign, making him more favourable
How did Adenauer get the support of the catholics in the 1949 campaign??
vehement opposition to communism which didn’t conflict with his other policies ie economic
What examples of good west germany companies were there??
BMW, Siemens electronics, mercedes
What did the FRG from USA which allowed Erhard to be so successful and how much was it worth??
Marshall aid worth $1.3billion
What did Adenauer use to his advantage in his election campaign and how??
The legacy of WW2- despite being demilitarised he managed to get his own army, showing he has the trust of international powers
What resulted in Adenauer’s army and how big was it??
The Korean War, 150,000 troops
When was Germany demilitarised??
22nd November 1949
Why was America so interested in Adenauer and providing Marshall aid??
- They were looking for a FRG leader on the iron curtain which they could trust, to deliver on their hard line on communism
- marshall aid was meant to improve the FRGs economy compared to the GDR to show how much better it was and put pressure on them
- also stopped the spread of communism
How did foreign power acceptance help Adenauer win the 1949 election?
Germany was an occupied state after WW2 so foreign powers had a lot of authority, people in Germany recognised the importance of their support eg marshall aid and so they were more inclined to vote for Adenauer
Who did the CDU form a coalition with after the 1949 election and how many seats did they have??
CDU with Free democrat party and German party, had 208 of 402 seats
How long did the CDU remain in power for?
Until 1969
What did the FRG join in 1951 and what other members did it have?
The European coal and steel community which was a tariff free zone
-Other members included France, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg
What did the FRG join in 1957 and how did it help??
EEC (European Economic community) which abolished tariffs and helped improve exports
What % did the CDU get in the 1953 election and how much of an increase was this??
45%, a 14% increase from 1949
Why did the CDU get more votes in 1953??
- fear of communism after Korean war
- success of Erhard/ economics
What did the FRG join in 1955 and what did it do??
NATO- FRG able to have its own military force and economic power as a result, making them crucial in the anti communist alliance of Cold War Europe
Who was the state secretary to the FRG foreign office and what did it show about Adenauer?
Professor Hallstein
-showed Adenauer was a good judge of character
How did Adenauer try to further the legitimacy of the FRG in comparison to the GDR, and what did it do?
The Hallstein doctrine
-Meant that the diplomatic recognition of the GDR by anyone other than the USSR was a hostile act against the FRG, and no country could gain financial assistance from the FRG if it recognised the GDR.
What was the ultimate aim of the Hallstein doctrine and when was it ?
1955
-looked to financially and politically isolate the GDR in the hope that it would collapse and re unite with the FRG
How did FRG diplomats try to undermine economical advances of the GDR around the world??
They would travel to remote areas of the world like Africa and Asia to offer better trade deals than the GDR and stop the spread of communism too
What was the name of the policy that was pursued for the de-nazification process??
Politics for the past
How many people were originally annulled during the amnesty laws??
800,000 people previously deemed nazi sympathisers by GB
What did the 131 amnesty laws do??
Annulled 150,000 people who previously held positions in the government and gave them a job in the new government
What notorious Nazi was reinstated in the government after law 131 and what was he famous for?
Hans Globke who had helped write the Nurmemburg laws
Why did Adenauer re introduce former Nazis into the government??
He felt their efficiency and experienced wouldve been wasted otherwise and wanted to give them a chance to put things right
What was banned in August 1952
The Neo nazi socialist reich party
prior to being banned, how many votes did the Neo nazi party get in Saxony?
a party with 10,000 people who attracted 11% of the vote in Saxony
When was the second amnesty laws and how many people were annulled??
1954- 400,000 people
how else did Adenauer gain favour via politics during denazification??
Continued anti communism- united former nazis and politicians by banning the KPD in 1956
Who did Adenauer introduce into the police?/
former SS members
How was the Fragebogen reformed to be more successful and what did it introduce?
- Changed to discriminated between different levels of nazi involvement
- introduced special tribunals which increased efficiencies over the questionnaire
- People that were lesser nazis or had a lack of evidence to indict them were put on a probation sentence for 2 years
What two trials were introduced for the higher up nazis, when were they and how many were indicted/ killed??
Nuremberg trials October 1946 saw 21 leading nazis trialled
-Auschwitz trials in Poland 1947 saw 6 leading camp leaders executed, including Rudolph Hoss (longest serving camp commander)
Why were foreign powers critical of the Amnesty laws (failures)?
-The inclusion of prominent former nazis wasn’t well accepted, especially when GB had deemed many people nazi sympathisers only for Adenauer to annul many of them
Which prominent nazis were involved in the amnesty laws?
Hans Globke who wrote Nuremberg laws
-Hans Kruger (Munich putsch) was Minister for refugees
What % of the foreign office were former nazis and why was this controversial
66%- their foreign policy was based on hatred of other races and a greed for hegemony
What did Sir Ivonne Patrick say about germany (GB high commissioner)
‘whenever I travelled to Germany I rain into the ghosts of hitlers reich, men who had occupied positions in administrations’
What was offered to Israel in 1952 and why was it controversial??
1.95million DM which was deemed as insensitive blood money
What was the fragebogen and how many questions did it have/?
A questionnaire introduced in the US zone to determine former Nazis and bar them from work/welfare benefits
-133 questions
Why was the Fragebogen mainly a failure??
It was massively inefficient and excluded workers from key industries despite their demand in helping to rebuild germany
How else was the Fragebogen flawed??
It ignored many of the mandatory elements of Nazism eg youth groups and the DAF, many aspects that people had joined for self preservation
How many people were under investigation for nazism in one state?
2.5million
What developed as a result of the fragebogen and work permit??
Black market for work permits
When did the Fragebogen fail and what did this show about it ??
1951
-its failure in 1951 due to the rising threat of the USSR perhaps epitomised its ineffectiveness and insignificance in the advancement of Germany, as the workers were vital in rebuilding German
Why did the SPD oppose Adenauer’s policies of NATO and American integration/involvement in the early years??
- It meant reunification was much more unlikely
- they thought it would turn germany into a capitalist state and labelled them a ‘puppet of the US’ due to his eagerness to follow their policies
Who replaced Schumacher when he died, when was it and why was he even more of a failure??
Ollenhauer after Schumacher died on August 20th 1952,
Schumachers policies were too far out of touch with German society to be useful for Ollenhauer to take on (too late), Ollenhauer was even less opposition to Adenauer and couldnt gather any coherent support
Who was leader of the SPD after ollenhauer and what position did he hold before this?
Willy Brandt (mayor of West Berlin)
What did the SPD endorse in 1959 under Brandt??
The Godesberg programme which took the SPD away from its marxist roots and accepted the capitalist market economy of west Europe
What did the CDU and SPD do in 1966?
Formed a coalition
What did Brandt and the SPD do to gain the favour of Kennedy in the USA?
Began to accept the capitalist economy of the FRG and even said they would be happy to work with them
