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Italy essay plans booklet 3 > Knowledge test > Flashcards

Knowledge test Flashcards

1
Q

When was the pact of Plombieres and what were the terms?

A

July 1858- secret alliance between Napoleon and Cavour, 200,000 French troops if Piedmont could raise 100,000 in exchange for Nice and Savoy, French protect Italy against Austria if Austria seen to be the aggressors

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2
Q

How many French troops and Austrian troops were lost in the 2nd war of independence and where were the two main battles??

A

17,000 to Austrias 21,000, Magenta and solferino

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3
Q

What were the two treaties after the war and why did they upset Cavour??

A

Treaty of Villafranca sued for peace, Treaty of Zurich formally ended the war. Cavour excluded from Villafranca causing him to resign and miss the treaty of Zurich.

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4
Q

What did Italy gain after the 2nd war and how did this happen

A

Lombardy was ceded to them from France after Austria had given it to them

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5
Q

What roles did GB play in the unification of Italy by 1861??

A
  • Palmerstone advertised ideas of ‘self determination’

- Gunboat diplomacy- GB gunboats helped Garibaldi cross the straight of Calabria in 1860.

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6
Q

When did Garibaldi take off on his quest and how many people did he take?

A

may 1860- with ‘the thousand’ (1200)

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7
Q

How many soldiers did Garibaldi and his men defeat in Sicily and who did he enlist to help him??

A

20,000 troops defeated, enlisted the help of the mafia to take control of the south

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8
Q

How many people did Garibaldi have when he marched on the Papal States and when did he meet with VE??

A

60,000 followers, met in October 1860

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9
Q

What happened when Garibaldi took over Sicily??

A

He was declared leader and proposed land redistribution (which he later ended)

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10
Q

When was the national society formed and who by??

A

1857- Piedmont exiles like Daniel mania

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11
Q

How did the national society stabilise politics and encourage unity during the beginning of war??

A
  • Leaders like Grand Duke Leopold left in 1859
  • Formed provisional governments and held elections
  • Distributed the newspapers ‘Piccolo corriere d’italia’ in batches of 3000 to spread the ideas of unity
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12
Q

When was the crimean war and how many troops did Piedmont provide for it??

A

Between 1854-56, 15,000

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13
Q

How did Cavour’s involvement in Crimea help unification (of the north)

A

Gained him a seat at the congress of Paris in 1856

  • Brought the Italian question to the forefront of European politics
  • Gained sympathy from foreign powers specifically GB who facilitated Gunboat diplomacy
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14
Q

What trade agreements did Cavour agree with other countries

A
  • Free trade agreements with France, GB and Belgium
  • Lafayette and Rothschild invested into the building of the mount cenis tunnel in 1857
  • Railway links between Turin, Milan and France
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15
Q

How much did trade increase from Cavour and what did national debt rise to?

A

300%

725million Lire

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16
Q

When was the Cavour canal built and how many KM of railway track was there by 1860???

A

1857

2773KM

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17
Q

How did Cavour improve Genoa?

A

Modernised the port of Genoa to include the first Italian steam ship ‘the Sicilia’

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18
Q

What was Cavour’s plans with the economic developments??

A

To further the power and unification of NORTHERN italy

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19
Q

Why was the south unchanged following the pact of plombieres??

A

To appease the Russian Tsar as it was under Bourbon control

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20
Q

What was Cavour’s plan for the plebiscites??

A

-He knew votes could be fixed with corruption, bullying and intimidation, suggesting that using the plebiscites organised by the national society was not to achieve democratic unification, but to unify the north of italy no matter what,

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21
Q

What was Cavour’s opinion on Garibaldi’s southern expedition??

A

he didn’t give it any formal support as he was apathetic towards unification of the south, he expected it to fail due to a lack of weaponry and men

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22
Q

What 3 positions did Cavour take over in January 1855

A

Prime minister, foreign minister, minister of economics

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23
Q

How did Cavour increase political stability in 1855

A

Ended the connubio, stopped attacks on the church, sacked Rattazzi to appease the aggravated right wing politicians

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24
Q

Why was the rule of VE positive for nationalism/ unification

A
  • -anti clericalism meant he opposed the churched reactionary values against unification
  • -supported the Statuto, which saw 30,000 inward migrants to Piedmont to enjoy its benefits of freedom of speech and politics
  • allowed liberalism
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25
Q

Why was the rule of VE negative for nationalism/ unification??

A
  • control of the army meant he could crush radicals and liberals if they were too radical
  • he attacked radicals in Genoa straight away
  • wants an absolute monarch instead of constitutional monarch
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26
Q

what 4 things were introduced under the siccardi laws?

A
  • criminals couldnt seek protection in church
  • reduction in feast days for catholics
  • religious groups property rights restricted
  • no separate law courts for catholics
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27
Q

What limitations were their to politics in the new piedmont under VE??

A
  • Upper chamber appointed by the king whilst Lower chamber only represented 2.25% of population (literate ones)
  • king could appoint and dismiss ministers
  • king had direct control over the army
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28
Q

What benefits did the statuto bring??

A

legal equality and some civil liberties, reduced censorship

29
Q

Why did Azeglio fail as PM?

A

His siccardi laws upset the pope and the right wing

30
Q

What was the connubio and when was it introduced??

A

1851-52- alliance between parliament and centre left, which weakened the right wing and the king

31
Q

What anti clerical measures did Cavour introduce and when?

A
  • 1855
  • attacked wealth of the church
  • proposed abolition of all monasteries not involved in education or charity
  • 152 monasteries and 1700 benefices suppressed
  • added £145,000 to the economy as a result
32
Q

How did Cavour attack radicals and why

A

-told Austria about Mazzini uprisings in Milan in 1853 to Gain French and Austrian approval

33
Q

What was garibaldi given for his expedition of the south by piedmont??

A
  • no ammunition
  • a few old rifles
  • 2 paddle steamer boats
34
Q

What role did garibaldi play in the 1859 war with Austria

A

-commanded 3000 troops in the alpine campaign

35
Q

What battle was garibaldi involved in in may 1859, where did the Austrians retreat away from??

A

Battle of San Fermo, Austria unable to dislodge garibaldi and therefore couldn’t defend como

36
Q

What did Garibaldi receive for his role in 1859??

A

Gold medal for valour by victor Emmanuel

37
Q

What prompted Garibaldi’s hatred of Cavour and what did he call him??

A

The pact of plombieres saw Italy lose nice and savoy to France, labelling Cavour as a ‘low intriguer’

38
Q

How many troops did garibaldi have going to Palermo and how many bourbon army members did they defeat??

A

3000, 20,000

39
Q

What made Garibaldi initially popular among peasants??

A

Abolishing milling taxes and offering land reform when declaring himself dictator of Sicily

40
Q

What part of Garibaldis expedition caused Cavour to be forced to intervene, and why??

A
  • marching northwards on the Papal state, to then take Rome

- Cavour didn’t want to upset the French catholics if Garibaldi was to start an attack on Rome

41
Q

How did Cavour attempt to stop garibaldi attacking Rome/ France??

A

Annexing of the Papal States and ordering Piedmont army into the states, defeating a papal army on the way

42
Q

What important role did Nigra play??

A

He was Italian diplomat in France and communicated between the French and italian government

43
Q

What stat about the battle of magenta shows the lack of Piedmont involvement?

A

Not a single Piedmont member lost their life at magenta

44
Q

Who was Baron Ricasoli and what did he do??

A

Strong Italian nationalist who became leader of Tuscan government in 1858
He arranged the annexation of tuscany to Piedmont

45
Q

What did the national society do in June 1859 after what happened in Modena and Parma??

A

Duke of Modena and Duchess of Parma fled- NS replaces government, led by Farini, effectively making it a piedmont colony

46
Q

What factors made Cavour resign temporarily??

A
  • piedmont excluded from peace talks between napoleon and Franz Joseph
  • Venetia remained under Austrian control, Lombardy given to France
  • Cavour excludes from treaty of villafranca
  • treaty of Zurich decided Italian future should be decided by European powers
47
Q

What was decided at the treaty of Zurich?

A

Italian future decided by Congress of Europe’s Powers rather than Italy

48
Q

What was published in December 1859 on behalf of napoleon about the pope??

A

‘The pope and congress’ pope should lose control of part of the central duchies

49
Q

How many votes for and against annexation of Emilia to piedmont?

A

426,000 to 1500

50
Q

What was agreed at the treaty of Turin??

A

Savoy and nice to be given to France if piedmont annexed central duchies

51
Q

What issues did VE have in 1859 regarding Austria?

A
  • how to provoke Austria so they were seen as the aggressors
  • How to produce an army of 100,000 to match napoleons 200,000
  • how to encouraged popular enthusiasm in the war
  • how to not provoke other European powers
52
Q

How did Garibaldi greet VE??

A

‘first king of italy’

53
Q

What evidence was there to show that Mazzini had ended by 1857?

A

-Mazzini followers joining the national society
-Garibaldi distancing himself from Mazzini in 1854
-

54
Q

What was the connubio and when was it introduced?

A

Cavour parliamentary agreement with the centre left, sharing ideas of anti-clericalism, which strengthened parliament against the crown

55
Q

What did the Connubio do to help Ratazzi?

A

He was elected chamber of deputies despite discontent from the king

56
Q

Why did Azeglio resign?

A

Opposition over his proposed introduction of civil marriage

57
Q

Why did Cavour not like the church, and what did this form the centre of?

A

He opposed them as a dominant institution in italy and didnt like the fact they were supportive of Austria
-the connubio

58
Q

When and why did Cavour end the Connubio?

A

in 1857 because the right wing became more sympathetic towards the church and he wanted to gain their votes, he also sacked Ratazzi as minister of the interior too

59
Q

Why was the immediate impact of Cavour’s involvement in Crimea limited?

A

Britain and France were unprepared to undermine Austrian involvement straight away

60
Q

What did Britain say about Austria at the congress of Paris?

A

Lord Clarendon attacked the ideas of foreign troops based in Italy

61
Q

What two influential people were leaders/ involved in the national society>?

A

La Farina was a leader

-Daniel Manin

62
Q

When was the Orsini Bomb plot?

A

January 1858

63
Q

Why and how did Napoleon use the Bomb plot to his advantage against Cavour?

A

He used it as a way to put pressure on Cavour to issue harsher repercussions to radicals, as well as suggesting ideas of marriage between his cousin and a Piedmontese wife

64
Q

How did Frances and Cavour’s motives for war differ?

A

Napoleon= wants to gain territory as well as add to Austria’s decline
Cavour=just wanted to remove Austrians influence

65
Q

What did Ricasoli demand during war with Austria??

A

He set up a provisional government in tuscany and demanded a union with Piedmont

66
Q

Which national society leader set up a government and where?

A

La farina set up effectively a Piedmontese colony in Parma

67
Q

What did the national society do across all states?

A

Organised peaceful and powerful demonstrations throughout the central duchies

68
Q

What was the exception to early piedmontisation in the north?

A

Taxes laws and regulation all enrolled across the north except for in Tuscany where Baron Ricasoli was allowed a period of regional autonomy owing to his strong leadership

69
Q

What was agreed at the treat of Turin?

A

Piedmont would hand over savoy and nice and France would accept annexation of the central duchies to Piedmont as via plebiscites

Italy essay plans booklet 3 (4 decks)

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