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Production and product service systems > Knowledge Test > Flashcards

Knowledge Test Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Product-Service (PS)

A

A mix of tangible products and intangible service designed and combined so that they are jointly capable of fulfilling final customer needs.
NB: This concerns only the offer to a client.

“Product Service Systems put simply, are when a firm offers a mix of both products and services, in comparison to the traditional focus on products”

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2
Q

Definition of Product-Service Systems

A

The organisational structure that provides the product-service to customers

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3
Q

Different PSS

A
  • Product-oriented
  • Use oriented
  • Result oriented
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4
Q

Explain product-oriented PSS

A

Ownership of the tangible product is transferred from the manufacturer to the customer (sold), while included in the original act of sale are additional services (eg. maintenance, repair, re-use, recycling, training, consulting, etc.)

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5
Q

Use-oriented PSS

A

Ownership of the tangible product is retained by the service provider

Functions of the product sold via modified distribution and payment systems

Eg. carpooling.com enabled drivers to offer available seats and passengers to book a ride. People choose who they want to ride with, how much space they need, and what they are willing to pay.

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6
Q

Result-oriented PSS

A

Selling the result or capability instead of a product

The producer maintains ownership of the product and the customer pays only for the provision of agreed results

Eg. Zipcar provided a fleet of cars strategically located around the city. Users access the cars with a smart card, paid for in advance. They can either pay a fixed hourly fee or a membership programme that bills for actual use.

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7
Q

What are the implications for the manufacturers by PS?

A

Retained ownership of products:

Increased responsibility through product life
- May have a high economic impact and risk

Possibliites for re-manufacturing

  • Opening for “smart” and “circular” business
  • Where and how to remanufacture? Logistics, Design..?

Changed revenue-streams
- “Spare parts sales” not a good source of revenue

Opportunities for technology changes post-manufacturing

  • Can replace systematically obsolete or poor technologies
  • Can extend life through technology replacements and upgrades
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8
Q

What is the implication of servitization for the industry?

A

Use focus increase the importance of customer relationship through life
- Availability of product functionality increase in importance

Increased ownership after the product comes with risk and opportunity

  • Risk? Revenue from “spare parts sales”
  • Opportunity? Maintain a relationship with the customer and better control of oners technologies in the “field”
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9
Q

Definition of Servitization

A

Creating value by shifting from selling products to providing product-services

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10
Q

The impact of digitalization

A
  1. From analogue to digital
  2. Impact on our business processes, services, economic models etc.
  3. Impact on our lives (eg. employment and universal basic income)
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11
Q

The steps of servitization in industry

A
  1. From ownership to accessibility

2. Transfer of responsibility

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12
Q

Explain ‘From ownership to accessibility’

A
  • Value increasingly associated with the use of the product, as opposed to ownership.
  • Product technologies require increasingly specialized know-how
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13
Q

Explain ‘Transfer of responsibility’

A

The responsibility of products increasingly retained with the manufacturer. It is transferred from user to provider.

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14
Q

What are the consequences of servitization for manufacturers?

A

Shifting to servitisation impact
- Business models: The way to offer solutions and ensure revenue

Shifting preferences and behaviour of users
- Creates, and threaten, established products and business models

Obsolescence
- Technology in products have largely different life cycles

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15
Q

Definition of Maintenance

A

A combination of all technical, adminstrative and managerial actions during the life-cycle of an item, and intended to remain it in, restore it to a state in which it can perform the required function.

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16
Q

Draw the maintenace tree

A

See picture

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17
Q

How do you calculate OEE?

Overall Equipment Effectiveness

A

OEE = AvailabiltyOperational EffeicneyQuality Rate

Avalability = 100*((planned production time - downtime)/planned production time)

Opertional effiecency = 100((Design cycle timeProduct amount)/actual running time)

Quality rate = 100*((produced amount-defect amount)/produced amount)

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18
Q

Challenges for maintenance organizations

A

Maintenance generation 4.0; Design for eliminating failures, holistic view, IT solution and even more extensive collaboration

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19
Q

What are the two main contributors to OEE losses?

A
  1. Low availability
    (Mycket downtime)
  2. Low operational efficiency
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20
Q

Reactive vs preventive maintenance

A
  • A 70/30 ratio
    (70 reactive)
  • Cost of reactive actions x3 times the cost of preventive actions
  • OEE assessments indicates a postive trend a 60/40 ratio
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21
Q

Maintenance can’t solve all problems, why?

A
  • Maintenance department usually responsible for OEE in practice
  • Only direct impact on breakdowns and planned maintenance
22
Q

Challenges for maintenance organizations

A
  • Lack of systems perspective
  • Preventive instead of reactive
  • Quantification of maintenenace effects
  • Need for collaboration or intergratin
  • Need for common goals
  • Necessity for digitalized manufacturing
23
Q

What are the challenges from a global perspective?

A

Connection to sustainability,

Ecological sustainability
- energy consumption in production,

Economic sustainability

24
Q

What are the steps in Risk Management Methodology and Tools?

A
  1. Risk identification
  2. Risk analysis
  3. Risk evalution
  4. Risk treatment
25
Q

What are the tools for risk identification?

A
  • What if
  • Hazop
  • FMEA
26
Q

What are the tools for risk analysis?

A
  • Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

- Event Tree Analysis (ETA)

27
Q

What are the tools for risk evalutation?

A
  • Risk Matrix

- FMECA

28
Q

Explain What-If Analysis

A
  • What-If Analysis is based on creative, brainstorming for examination of a process or operation
  • It should be performed by a team if the process is complex
  • It is a powerful hazard identification technique if the analysis staff is experienced
  • The result of a what-if analysis usually address potential accident situations implied by the questions and issues posed by the team
  • These questions and issues often suggest specific causes for the identified accident situations
29
Q

Explain HAZOP (Hazard & Operability Study)

A

It’s a systematic method for identifying:

  • Potential hazards
  • Operability deviations within the system and specifying the means by which either the probability of their occurrence can be reduced or the consequences of undesirable incidents can be minimised
30
Q

Explain FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect analysis)

A

FMEAs evaluate the ways equipment can fail or be improperly operated and the effect these failures can have.
In a FMEA, each individual failure is considered as an independent occurrence with no relation to other failures in the system

In short, FMEA identify single failure modes that either directly results or contribute significantly to an accident

31
Q

Explain RPN (Risk Priority Number)

A

PRN is calculated as the product of severity, occurrence and detection. Since each of the factors in the range of 1-10

32
Q

Explain FTA (Fault Tree Analysis)

A
  • Tool for: Accident Cause Analysis, Reconstruction of an accident and frequency/probability estimation if an accident
  • Is a graphical and logic technique
  • It is a backward method
  • Is used for cause analysis of a top event as an output of “Hazard Identification”
  • It can be used for calculation of the frequency of an incident
33
Q

Explain ETA (Event Tree Analysis)

A

Are suited for analysing events that could result in a variety of outcomes

34
Q

What is a standard?

A

A standard is a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.

International standards are the backbone of our society, ensuring the safety and quality of products and services
- increasing customer satisfaction, facilitating international trade
- access new markets and improving the environment in which we live in.
Also, cut cost through improved systems and processes.

35
Q

What are the different type of standards?

A

A Standard
B Standard
C Standard

36
Q

Explain the different standards

A

A Standard: Basic safety concept applicable to all types of machines

B Standard: One safety aspect that can be applied to a wide range of machinery

C Standard: Detailed safety requirements for specified machine or safety components

37
Q

Explain the 3-step method for risk reduction

A
  1. Elimination of the hazard on the basis of design measures
  2. Risk reduction through the application of technical and complementary protective measures
  3. Warning against residual risks
38
Q

What is the machinery directive duel objective?

A

To permit the free movement of machinery within the European market whilst ensuring a high level of protection of health and safety

39
Q

What is CE marking?

A

The CE marking is the manufacturers declation that the product meets the requirments of the applicable EU directives. The product may be legally places on the market in their country.

40
Q

What are the step for CE certification?

A
  1. Identify the applicable directives and harmonized standards
  2. Identify the applicable requirements of the directives
  3. Identify the appropriate route to conformity
  4. Assessment of the product conformity
  5. Compile the technical documentation
  6. Make the declaration and affix the CE marking
41
Q

What are harmonized standards?

A
  • A harmonized standard is a European standard developed by a recognised European Standards Organisation

These standards meet the essential requirements or other provisions of relevant European Union harmonization legislation

42
Q

Whare the 8 phases of maintenance management framework?

A
  1. Definition of the maintenance objectives and KPI’s.
    Balance Score Card (BSC)
2. Assets priority and maintenance strategy definition. 
Critically analysis (CA)
  1. Immediate intervention on high impact weak points.
    Failure root cause analysis (FRCA)
  2. Design of preventive maintenance plans and resources.
    Reliability-centred maintenance (RCM)
  3. Preventive plan, scehdule and resources optimasation.
    Risk-cost optimisation (RCO)
6. Maintenance execution assessment and control. 
Reliability analysis (RA) and a critical path method (CPM)
  1. Asset life cycle analysis and replacement optimization.
    Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA)
  2. Continous improvment and new techniques utilization.
    Total productive maintenance (TPM), e-maintenance. Continous improvment of phases
43
Q

Explain the Concept of Dependability

A

A collective term used to describe the availability performance and its influencing factors; reliability, performance, maintainability performance and maintenance support and performance.

See picture

44
Q

Explain reliability (Dependability)

A

Reliability is the ability of an item to perform a required function under given conditions for a given time interval.

Reliability may also be defined as a probability that equipment will perform its intended function without failure for a specific time under defined conditions

45
Q

Explain Maintainability (Dependability)

A

Is the ability of an item under given conditions of use, to be retained in or restored to, a state in which it can perform a required function when maintenance is performed under given conditions and using stated procedures and resources.

46
Q

Explain Maintainace supporatbility (Dependability)

A

To ability to have the right maintenance support at the necessary place to perform the required, maintenance activity at a given instant of time or during a given time interval.

Maintenance support is the resources, service and management to perform a maintenance action

47
Q

Explain inherent reliability

A

The inherent reliability of a plant, system or device is the maximum achievable reliability based on configuration and component selection. If operated correctly, maintained correctly and inspected on appropriate intervals, it will be possible to attain the full inherent reliability. If poorly operated, poorly maintained or allowed to develop and retain defects, the reliability can be significantly less than the inherent reliabilty.

48
Q

Explain relibabilty management process and the maintenance excellence process

A

The reliability management process and the maintenance excellence process go hand in hand.

If maintenance work management processes are not done in a manner that restores the inherent reliability, the reliability performance will continually degrade.

If the reliability process is not working to provide an acceptable level of reliability, the maintenance processes will end up “chasing-their-tail”, dealing with too-frequent and unexpected breakdowns.

49
Q

Explain the Path of Failure

A

The value of understanding the path of failure is knowing that both the failure mechanism and the defect can be discovered before failure and that the failure can be prevented. Wise people also learn from failures, and they identify the three levels of cause in time to take corrective action

50
Q

Predictive Maintenance tasks are intended to?

A
  1. Evaluate failure mechanisms that are known to be at work

2. Identify failure mechanism that can be at work

51
Q

What’s the aim of failure analysis?

A

Find, assess, reduce and elimate both causes and effects of failure.

52
Q

Explain Infant mortality failure period

A

In its early life, an item population exhibits a high failure rate, due mainly to manufacturing weaknesses including; Poor joints & connections, damaged components, chemical impurities, dirt and contamination, assembly errors

Production and product service systems (1 decks)

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