Knowledge Organiser chapter 6 - Preventing and treating infection

Question 1

What system tries to destroy pathogens if they get in the body?

Answer 1

The immune system

Question 2

What is contained inside a vaccine?

Answer 2

dead or inactive forms of a pathogen

Question 3

How does a vaccine work?

Answer 3

It stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies for that pathogen so if an active form enters the body, antibodies are produced quickly

Question 4

What is ‘herd immunity’

Answer 4

When a large enough proportion of the population are immune to a disease, its spread is much reduced

Question 5

What do painkillers do?

Answer 5

Relieve symptoms of disease

Question 6

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 6

Kill bacterial pathogens

Question 7

What was the first antibiotic called?

Answer 7

Penicillin

Question 8

Why can antibiotics not be used for viral infections?

Answer 8

They do not kill viruses, only bacteria

Question 9

Why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses?

Answer 9

Because they live inside your cells, so the drugs would also damage your cells

Question 10

Why do antibiotics not work on some bacteria?

Answer 10

Antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are evolving

Question 11

What plant is the drug digitalis (digoxin) extracted from?

Answer 11

Foxglove

Question 12

What is digitalis (digoxin) used to treat?

Answer 12

Heart problems

Question 13

What plant is the drug aspirin from?

Answer 13

Willow

Question 14

What is aspirin used to treat?

Answer 14

Pain

Question 15

Where is the antibiotic penicillin from?

Answer 15

The penicillum mould

Question 16

How are most new drugs made?

Answer 16

They are synthesised by chemists in the lab but the starting point may be a chemical extracted from a plant

Question 17

What are all new drugs tested for in clinical trials?

Answer 17

Toxicity, efficacy (if they work) and dose

Question 18

Who are clinical trials tested on?

Answer 18

Healthy volunteers & patients

Question 19

How are drugs tested before being tested on humans?

Answer 19

In the lab using cells, tissues and live animals

Question 20

What is a ‘double blind’ trial?

Answer 20

A test where neither the patient or the doctor know if the patient is being given the drug or a placebo

Question 21

What is a ‘placebo’?

Answer 21

A dummy drug that does not contain any of the medicine being tested

Question 22

Why are placebos used?

Answer 22

As a control

Question 23

How is a ‘hybridoma’ made?

Answer 23

Combining a mouse lymphocyle with a tumour cell

Question 24

How are hybridomas used to make ‘monoclonal antibodies’?

Answer 24

Stimulating the mouse lymphocyte to produce a particular antibody, making it into a hybridoma which will divide and make large amounts of the antibody

Question 25

How are monoclonal antibodies used?

Answer 25

diagnostics such as pregnancy tests, to detect levels of hormones or chemicals in the blood, to detect pathogens, to identify specific molecules in a cell to deliver drugs to specific cells in the body (e.g. cancer cells)

Question 26

Why are monoclonal antibodies not as widely used as they were expected to be?

Answer 26

They created more side effects than expected

Question 27

Draw a flow chart to show the production of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 27