Knowledge Exam Prep Flashcards
1
Q
What do we rely on communication for?
A
inclusion, control, and affection
2
Q
What is the primary way relationships are maintained?
A
Communication
3
Q
Is communication linear?
A
No, it is interactive, dynamic, and simultaneous
4
Q
What constitutes a contextual environment?
A
- the physical location
- personal histories
5
Q
What are types of noise?
A
External, Physiological, Physical, Psychological
6
Q
Examples of external noise
A
flickering light, squeaking, coughing
7
Q
Physiological noise
A
biological interference ex. illness, exhaustion, hunger
8
Q
psychological noise
A
stress, personal judgements, random thoughts
9
Q
Equivocal Language
A
deliberate use of words or signs that can be interpreted in multiple ways to mislead
10
Q
Euphemistic Language
A
use of lighter terms in place of more blunt descriptive terms
11
Q
Abstract Language
A
level of specificity within the language use ex. verbal shorthand
12
Q
Marie Philip says culture can be divided into:
A
Material, Behavioral, Cognitive
13
Q
How are culture and language related
A
Language is the primary medium through which culture is shared
14
Q
collectivist vs individualist
A
collectivist-what’s best for the group, working as a unit
individualist-what’s good for the self, working in competition with other individuals
15
Q
Is a persons sense of time culturally influenced?
A
Yes it is.
16
Q
How does culture relate to our job as interpreters?
A
In order to communicate effectively we must identify cultural groups of ourselves and others and understand their influence on communication expectations
17
Q
What are some ingredients of culture?
A
knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, traditions and habits
18
Q
Define cultural identity
A
The way a persons culture of birth influences their believes about the world around them and themselves.
19
Q
How do Padden and Humphries define culture?
A
a set of learned behaviors of a group od people who have their own language, values, rules of behavior, and traditions
20
Q
UNESCO definition of culture
A
Dynamic value system of learned attitudes with assumptions, conventions, beliefs? and rules that permit members of a group to relate to one another and the world
21
Q
How are we able to understand words and signs?
A
Cultural and linguistic schema in place
22
Q
How does Deaf identity relate to other identities?
A
Some prioritize Deaf identity, others do not feel a strong connection to it, others feel equally connected
23
Q
What is the alternative focus of the Deaf community from the hearing worlds “hearing deficit” viewpoint?
A
Focus on a culture based on sight
24
Q
What are important aspects of greeting others in some Deaf spaces?
A
- not extremely concerned about clock time
- connect with others upon arrival (ex. nod, eye contact)
- lots of chat leaving as well
25
What is the language of interaction for most Deaf people?
American Sign Language
26
What does it mean to communicate narratively?
great deal of detail, often ongoing
27
How might you get a Deaf person’s attention?
- tap on shoulder
- arm waving
- flashing lights
28
What’s the importance of eye contact
Must be almost constant, rude to be broken
29
What are some reciprocal signals?
Back channel
- head nodding
- saying yes
- eye contact
- laughter
30
What is unique about interpreting for many Black Deaf people?
Many use a dialect of ASL often called Black ASL that uses some different signing structure and vocabulary than what many white interpreters learn in their education
31
What are some examples of hearing views of Deaf experience?
- inability to hear
- deficit or impairment
- connected to decibel loss
- uses terms to indicate level of loss (ex. mild, moderate, severe)
32
Deaf view of “Deaf”
- pride in culture and similar experiences
- shared communicative form
- subscribe to values/norms
- views as positive, normal, sometimes inconvenient
33
Rochester Method
All words with the exception of “and” are fingerspelled
34
Seeing Essential English (SEE1)
each syllable is given a separate manual movement
35
Signing Exact English (SEE2)
Combination of SEE1, invented initialized signs, and some ASL signs
36
Signed English
combines English grammar with ASL signs and some initialization
37
Define contact varieties
Signing that reflects a mixture
of structures from ASL and English as a result of prolonged language contact between members of
these two different linguistic communities.
38
What are some examples of foreign sign languages?
LSQ (Quebec), Maritime Sign Language, German, British, French, International signs
39
Define Home Signs
systems of pantomime, gestures, manual signals used within families and with close friends to support communication w Deaf relative
40
What are some forms of communication for Deaf Blind people?
tactile, protactilce, “close vision” signing
41
Define Audism
attitude based on pathological thinking resulting in a negative stigma toward anyone who does not hear
42
Pathological view of Deaf people
disabled, imperfect, needing to be fixed
43
Cultural View of Deaf people
normal, capable human beings encountering life in a different way than most
44
define reciprocity of perspectives
seeing the world from your own frame and in assuming that your way of life is best, also assume others want to be alike
45
What’s an assumption of many oppressors about marginalized groups?
members of said group are childlike, incompetent, need approval
46
Define ambivalence in this context
mixed negative and positive feelings about oneself based on society’s view of being deficit
47
Define institutionalized oppression
subtle, long term conditioning of the public to view the minority group and its members as “less than”
48
Why might a person feel dependent on their oppressor?
start to feel powerless and believing only members of the majority group can make change
49
What is an effect of audism on Deaf peoples view of being oppressed?
they may want but simultaneously fear equality and empowerment
50
Define source language
language which the original message is conveyed
51
define target language
language into which the original message is expressed by an interpreter
52
Define processing time
time used but the interpreter to complete the analysis of the source language utterance and to search for cultural and linguistic equivalents
53
Define transliteration
taking a source language message and reproducing it in a different form of the same language
54
define sight translation
changing a message from frozen form of one language into another signed or spoken language
55
Define Modality
channel through which a message is expressed ex. oral or visual/gestural
56
Define Simultaneous Interpretation
process of interpreting a message into another language as its being relayed
57
Define consecutive interpretation
interpreting into the target language after the full message has been relayed and a short moment has been taken to absorb and reproduce the message
58
Define Dynamic Equivalence
maintaining the internet message or metamessage of the source language within the target language
59
Different types of group settings to be interpreted
one on one, small group, large group
60
What happened at Gallaudet in 1988?
Deaf President Now movement, students protested for a Deaf president of the university
61
How is humor used within minority cultures?
Humor is used to cope with the day to day experiences of disenfranchisement
62
What is the impact of oppression on interpreters?
they are exposed daily to the encounters of the privileged and disenfranchised, have a responsibility to help mitigate
63
What’s paradoxical about interpreting some Deaf humor?
Much of it pokes fun at hearing people and interpreters and must be dealt with using a sense of humor
64
What’s the myth of neutrality?
It is impossible to work with other individuals without experiencing empathy for one party over another
65
Define vicarious trauma
trauma that results from observing another person’s traumatic experience
66
Define advocate
an advocate speaks out for others on behalf of them, often problematically leads to the hearing person being seen as the expert
67
Define ally
One who supports deaf individuals in their struggle for liberation while also supporting their autonomy
68
Why is it critical to listen to the “Deaf view”?
It is problematic to enter Deaf spaces and profit off of their culture and language without being empathetic
69
What is one strategy to deal with the power inherent to interpreting?
Coming to terms with one’s own history with oppression and power
70
What is difficult about interpreting in terms of audist remarks?
interpreters must develop strategies to deal with the mixture of feelings that arises from a result of conveying audism through facial and gestural cues
71
What’s the Helper Model
views Deaf people as handicapped, limited, unable to fully manage business and personal affairs
72
What’s Conduit of Machine Model
assume no responsibility for the interaction taking place, almost robot like role in communication process
73
Communication Facilitation Model
Awareness of cultural/linguistic norms and benefits of lighting, background, etc.
74
Bilingual-Bicultural Philosphy
recognizes Deaf people as oppressed minority, accepts ASL asl language and Deaf as a culture and attempts to be sensitive to those
75
What’s the need to culturally expand?
linguistic or cultural need to provide further information so the full message may be understood
76
What’s the need to compress or reduce in interpreting?
linguistic or processing need to use less words or signs to interpret a message more efficiently
77
What is the RID
the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf established in 1964, first professional association of ASL interpreters
78
What are the most common philosophies to approaching interpreting work?
- Helper
- Conduit/Machine
- Language facilitation
- Bilingual Bicultural
79
What is the Code of Ethics?
Developed in response to helpers, defends clients in reducing the crossing of boundaries and imbalance of power
80
How do ASL and English differ in modality?
ASL is signed and English is spoken
81
How do English and ASL differ grammatically?
tends to be subject verb object vs topic prone, greater degree of simultaneous conveyance of information
82
Define prosody
the rhythm of speech with pauses and phraseology as well as certain intonation patterns
83
Define content elements in the context of spoken English
Nouns and verbs, the content that is being discussed
84
Define functional elements in the context of spoken English
the articles, prepositions, and conjunctions which separate and connect content
85
What are the two components of ASL?
Manual and Non-manual signals
86
How do the communication rates of ASL and English compare?
They are roughly the same, but some phrases may vary
87
How do Content elements of English differ from contact elements of American Sign Language?
ASL is composed primarily of content elements while English uses conjunctions, prepositions, and articles much more frequently
88
What does the lack of functional elements mean about the level of contextual significance in ASL?
because of the lack of lexical signs, ASL is a much more contextually-based language than most spoken languages
89
Define Contrasting
making a statement by presenting a negative and positive of one idea
90
Define faceting
Using two or more signs synonyms one conveying a particular concept, also thought of as describing the faces of a cut gemstone
91
Define reiterating
using a sign or phrase repeatedly within the same short utterance for clarity or emphasis
92
define role shifting
using the head eyes and shoulders to convey two or more different people within the same space or interaction
93
Define directional verbs
signed verbs whose motion in space depend on the locations of the referents of the subject and object of the sentence
94
what is unique about Time/tense markers in ASL?
Time/tends markers tend to begin ASL syntax structure
95
What is unique about pronouns in ASL?
pronouns are most often symbolized by establishing a reference using the index finger and are not gendered like most languages
96
define conditionals
if/then statements, the “if” portion of a conditional statement in ASL may either proceed or follow the consequence
97
Define reciprocal signals
certain eye behaviors, head-nods, and verbal utterances to indicate that one is attending and comprehending the messages being received
98
Define schema
previously acquired knowledge about a certain topic which help a person better understand the context and more easily interpret discourse
99
What are the steps of the interpreting process?
-Take in source language
-Analyze deep structure meaning
-Apply Contextual Schema/Screen
-Formulate/Rehearse equivalent message
+ constant monitoring/multi tasking
100
When were ASL classes and ITPs introduced?
Around the late 1950s to early 1960s
101
When and where was the RID established?
Muncie, Indiana in June 1964
102
What were the three largest purposes for the RID originally?
- publish a registry of interpreters
- investigate evaluation and certification systems
- inform the public about interpreting services
103
What is a similar organization to the RID based in Canada?
The Association of the Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
104
When did the RID begin certification process?
1972 began evaluation of sign language interpreters
105
What is a CSC in the context of certification
Comprehensive Skills Certificate
106
What is an IC in the context of certification?
Interpreter Certificate
107
What is a TC in the context of certification?
Transliterating Certificate
108
What is an RSC in the context of certification?
Reverse Skills Certificate, specifically for Deaf interpreters
109
What is an NIC in the context of certification?
National Interpreter Certification
110
What is an OTC in the context of certification?
Oral Transliteration Certificate
111
What is special about certification in the context of legal interpreting?
One must get a specialist certificate proving that they are knowledgeable in law
112
What is the EIPA?
Educational Interpreter Performance Assessment
113
What is another way to describe ethics?
Behavioral standards
114
What is a huge requirement in order to make ethical decisions?
Ethical decision making requires critical thinking skills
115
What are some of the steps of ethical decision making?
- List options
- Identify the Consequences of each
- Collect/Review facts
- Review consequences
- Review options
- Rank options
- Act
- Record for reference
116
Define mentoring or twinning
arrangement in which more experienced interpreters adopt a less experienced interpreter in order to help them learn
117
What is the importance of confidentiality?
Clients are hiring professionals to trust them with vital and private information
118
What are some of the guiding principles of the RID CPC?
Confidentiality, competence, impartiality, growth and development
119
What is one of the main ways the code of conduct combats power imbalance?
Empowering the cilent
120
When are clients involved in purchasing services?
Each state has different requirements for businesses or organizations based on size
121
What is unique about some educational settings?
Interpreter must sometimes assist the teacher in the classroom, tutor the Deaf student, and interpret
122
What is unique. about professional development in educational settings?
interpreters are required to attend regular professional development days in their local school district
123
What is unique about interpreting for employment or education related assignments?
Added layer of responsibility and influence
124
What was the start of audist ideology in employment?
Around the industrial revolution, although audism was always prevalent
125
What is unique about working in companies with larger numbers of Deaf employees?
More often find full time interpreters on staff and will be subject to supervision and evaluation
126
What are working conditions like for interpreters?
Usually less than ideal but always visually focused
127
What are four common examples of religious events that need frequent interpretation?
liturgical services, funerals, weddings, special events
128
What is unique about language use in religious settings?
Signs can often be frozen or multi-purposed, ex. BAPTISM signed differently in Baptist vs Catholic settings due to different process
129
Are standard qualifications often established in religious settings?
Not often
130
What is a benefit of many religious settings?
Text for songs, sermons, and prayers can often be obtained beforehand
131
What is the demand for interpreters in North America?
There is a critical shortage of sign language interpreters in every employment area
132
Define staff interpreter
full-time working for a business, school, or agency
| likely to receive benefits
133
Define contract interpreter
working hourly for school or agency, no benefits as a rule
134
Define self-employed practitioners
part-to-full-time work, depending on demand, benefits must be paid by the individual interpreters
135
What is the rate of pay for interpreters?
The rate of pay can vary from $20 to $75+
136
What are some possible influencers of eye strain?
artificial lights, focusing all day on a video monitor
137
What are some possible physical strains?
modified signing space, strained neck and back
138
Define supervision
Supervisor available for support to provide ongoing and evaluative feedback
139
How did the ADA change employment?
Far more full time job openings after passage of ADA
140
Why is private practice not the best for beginning interpreters?
Can be lucrative but interpreters must develop skills, clientele, and interaction with Deaf community to build trust
