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DEAF 420 > Knowledge Exam Prep > Flashcards

Knowledge Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What do we rely on communication for?

A

inclusion, control, and affection

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2
Q

What is the primary way relationships are maintained?

A

Communication

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3
Q

Is communication linear?

A

No, it is interactive, dynamic, and simultaneous

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4
Q

What constitutes a contextual environment?

A
  • the physical location

- personal histories

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5
Q

What are types of noise?

A

External, Physiological, Physical, Psychological

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6
Q

Examples of external noise

A

flickering light, squeaking, coughing

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7
Q

Physiological noise

A

biological interference ex. illness, exhaustion, hunger

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8
Q

psychological noise

A

stress, personal judgements, random thoughts

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9
Q

Equivocal Language

A

deliberate use of words or signs that can be interpreted in multiple ways to mislead

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10
Q

Euphemistic Language

A

use of lighter terms in place of more blunt descriptive terms

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11
Q

Abstract Language

A

level of specificity within the language use ex. verbal shorthand

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12
Q

Marie Philip says culture can be divided into:

A

Material, Behavioral, Cognitive

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13
Q

How are culture and language related

A

Language is the primary medium through which culture is shared

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14
Q

collectivist vs individualist

A

collectivist-what’s best for the group, working as a unit

individualist-what’s good for the self, working in competition with other individuals

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15
Q

Is a persons sense of time culturally influenced?

A

Yes it is.

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16
Q

How does culture relate to our job as interpreters?

A

In order to communicate effectively we must identify cultural groups of ourselves and others and understand their influence on communication expectations

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17
Q

What are some ingredients of culture?

A

knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, traditions and habits

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18
Q

Define cultural identity

A

The way a persons culture of birth influences their believes about the world around them and themselves.

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19
Q

How do Padden and Humphries define culture?

A

a set of learned behaviors of a group od people who have their own language, values, rules of behavior, and traditions

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20
Q

UNESCO definition of culture

A

Dynamic value system of learned attitudes with assumptions, conventions, beliefs? and rules that permit members of a group to relate to one another and the world

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21
Q

How are we able to understand words and signs?

A

Cultural and linguistic schema in place

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22
Q

How does Deaf identity relate to other identities?

A

Some prioritize Deaf identity, others do not feel a strong connection to it, others feel equally connected

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23
Q

What is the alternative focus of the Deaf community from the hearing worlds “hearing deficit” viewpoint?

A

Focus on a culture based on sight

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24
Q

What are important aspects of greeting others in some Deaf spaces?

A
  • not extremely concerned about clock time
  • connect with others upon arrival (ex. nod, eye contact)
  • lots of chat leaving as well
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25
Q

What is the language of interaction for most Deaf people?

A

American Sign Language

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26
Q

What does it mean to communicate narratively?

A

great deal of detail, often ongoing

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27
Q

How might you get a Deaf person’s attention?

A
  • tap on shoulder
  • arm waving
  • flashing lights
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28
Q

What’s the importance of eye contact

A

Must be almost constant, rude to be broken

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29
Q

What are some reciprocal signals?

A

Back channel

  • head nodding
  • saying yes
  • eye contact
  • laughter
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30
Q

What is unique about interpreting for many Black Deaf people?

A

Many use a dialect of ASL often called Black ASL that uses some different signing structure and vocabulary than what many white interpreters learn in their education

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31
Q

What are some examples of hearing views of Deaf experience?

A
  • inability to hear
  • deficit or impairment
  • connected to decibel loss
  • uses terms to indicate level of loss (ex. mild, moderate, severe)
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32
Q

Deaf view of “Deaf”

A
  • pride in culture and similar experiences
  • shared communicative form
  • subscribe to values/norms
  • views as positive, normal, sometimes inconvenient
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33
Q

Rochester Method

A

All words with the exception of “and” are fingerspelled

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34
Q

Seeing Essential English (SEE1)

A

each syllable is given a separate manual movement

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35
Q

Signing Exact English (SEE2)

A

Combination of SEE1, invented initialized signs, and some ASL signs

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36
Q

Signed English

A

combines English grammar with ASL signs and some initialization

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37
Q

Define contact varieties

A

Signing that reflects a mixture
of structures from ASL and English as a result of prolonged language contact between members of
these two different linguistic communities.

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38
Q

What are some examples of foreign sign languages?

A

LSQ (Quebec), Maritime Sign Language, German, British, French, International signs

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39
Q

Define Home Signs

A

systems of pantomime, gestures, manual signals used within families and with close friends to support communication w Deaf relative

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40
Q

What are some forms of communication for Deaf Blind people?

A

tactile, protactilce, “close vision” signing

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41
Q

Define Audism

A

attitude based on pathological thinking resulting in a negative stigma toward anyone who does not hear

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42
Q

Pathological view of Deaf people

A

disabled, imperfect, needing to be fixed

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43
Q

Cultural View of Deaf people

A

normal, capable human beings encountering life in a different way than most

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44
Q

define reciprocity of perspectives

A

seeing the world from your own frame and in assuming that your way of life is best, also assume others want to be alike

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45
Q

What’s an assumption of many oppressors about marginalized groups?

A

members of said group are childlike, incompetent, need approval

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46
Q

Define ambivalence in this context

A

mixed negative and positive feelings about oneself based on society’s view of being deficit

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47
Q

Define institutionalized oppression

A

subtle, long term conditioning of the public to view the minority group and its members as “less than”

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48
Q

Why might a person feel dependent on their oppressor?

A

start to feel powerless and believing only members of the majority group can make change

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49
Q

What is an effect of audism on Deaf peoples view of being oppressed?

A

they may want but simultaneously fear equality and empowerment

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50
Q

Define source language

A

language which the original message is conveyed

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51
Q

define target language

A

language into which the original message is expressed by an interpreter

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52
Q

Define processing time

A

time used but the interpreter to complete the analysis of the source language utterance and to search for cultural and linguistic equivalents

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53
Q

Define transliteration

A

taking a source language message and reproducing it in a different form of the same language

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54
Q

define sight translation

A

changing a message from frozen form of one language into another signed or spoken language

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55
Q

Define Modality

A

channel through which a message is expressed ex. oral or visual/gestural

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56
Q

Define Simultaneous Interpretation

A

process of interpreting a message into another language as its being relayed

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57
Q

Define consecutive interpretation

A

interpreting into the target language after the full message has been relayed and a short moment has been taken to absorb and reproduce the message

58
Q

Define Dynamic Equivalence

A

maintaining the internet message or metamessage of the source language within the target language

59
Q

Different types of group settings to be interpreted

A

one on one, small group, large group

60
Q

What happened at Gallaudet in 1988?

A

Deaf President Now movement, students protested for a Deaf president of the university

61
Q

How is humor used within minority cultures?

A

Humor is used to cope with the day to day experiences of disenfranchisement

62
Q

What is the impact of oppression on interpreters?

A

they are exposed daily to the encounters of the privileged and disenfranchised, have a responsibility to help mitigate

63
Q

What’s paradoxical about interpreting some Deaf humor?

A

Much of it pokes fun at hearing people and interpreters and must be dealt with using a sense of humor

64
Q

What’s the myth of neutrality?

A

It is impossible to work with other individuals without experiencing empathy for one party over another

65
Q

Define vicarious trauma

A

trauma that results from observing another person’s traumatic experience

66
Q

Define advocate

A

an advocate speaks out for others on behalf of them, often problematically leads to the hearing person being seen as the expert

67
Q

Define ally

A

One who supports deaf individuals in their struggle for liberation while also supporting their autonomy

68
Q

Why is it critical to listen to the “Deaf view”?

A

It is problematic to enter Deaf spaces and profit off of their culture and language without being empathetic

69
Q

What is one strategy to deal with the power inherent to interpreting?

A

Coming to terms with one’s own history with oppression and power

70
Q

What is difficult about interpreting in terms of audist remarks?

A

interpreters must develop strategies to deal with the mixture of feelings that arises from a result of conveying audism through facial and gestural cues

71
Q

What’s the Helper Model

A

views Deaf people as handicapped, limited, unable to fully manage business and personal affairs

72
Q

What’s Conduit of Machine Model

A

assume no responsibility for the interaction taking place, almost robot like role in communication process

73
Q

Communication Facilitation Model

A

Awareness of cultural/linguistic norms and benefits of lighting, background, etc.

74
Q

Bilingual-Bicultural Philosphy

A

recognizes Deaf people as oppressed minority, accepts ASL asl language and Deaf as a culture and attempts to be sensitive to those

75
Q

What’s the need to culturally expand?

A

linguistic or cultural need to provide further information so the full message may be understood

76
Q

What’s the need to compress or reduce in interpreting?

A

linguistic or processing need to use less words or signs to interpret a message more efficiently

77
Q

What is the RID

A

the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf established in 1964, first professional association of ASL interpreters

78
Q

What are the most common philosophies to approaching interpreting work?

A
  • Helper
  • Conduit/Machine
  • Language facilitation
  • Bilingual Bicultural
79
Q

What is the Code of Ethics?

A

Developed in response to helpers, defends clients in reducing the crossing of boundaries and imbalance of power

80
Q

How do ASL and English differ in modality?

A

ASL is signed and English is spoken

81
Q

How do English and ASL differ grammatically?

A

tends to be subject verb object vs topic prone, greater degree of simultaneous conveyance of information

82
Q

Define prosody

A

the rhythm of speech with pauses and phraseology as well as certain intonation patterns

83
Q

Define content elements in the context of spoken English

A

Nouns and verbs, the content that is being discussed

84
Q

Define functional elements in the context of spoken English

A

the articles, prepositions, and conjunctions which separate and connect content

85
Q

What are the two components of ASL?

A

Manual and Non-manual signals

86
Q

How do the communication rates of ASL and English compare?

A

They are roughly the same, but some phrases may vary

87
Q

How do Content elements of English differ from contact elements of American Sign Language?

A

ASL is composed primarily of content elements while English uses conjunctions, prepositions, and articles much more frequently

88
Q

What does the lack of functional elements mean about the level of contextual significance in ASL?

A

because of the lack of lexical signs, ASL is a much more contextually-based language than most spoken languages

89
Q

Define Contrasting

A

making a statement by presenting a negative and positive of one idea

90
Q

Define faceting

A

Using two or more signs synonyms one conveying a particular concept, also thought of as describing the faces of a cut gemstone

91
Q

Define reiterating

A

using a sign or phrase repeatedly within the same short utterance for clarity or emphasis

92
Q

define role shifting

A

using the head eyes and shoulders to convey two or more different people within the same space or interaction

93
Q

Define directional verbs

A

signed verbs whose motion in space depend on the locations of the referents of the subject and object of the sentence

94
Q

what is unique about Time/tense markers in ASL?

A

Time/tends markers tend to begin ASL syntax structure

95
Q

What is unique about pronouns in ASL?

A

pronouns are most often symbolized by establishing a reference using the index finger and are not gendered like most languages

96
Q

define conditionals

A

if/then statements, the “if” portion of a conditional statement in ASL may either proceed or follow the consequence

97
Q

Define reciprocal signals

A

certain eye behaviors, head-nods, and verbal utterances to indicate that one is attending and comprehending the messages being received

98
Q

Define schema

A

previously acquired knowledge about a certain topic which help a person better understand the context and more easily interpret discourse

99
Q

What are the steps of the interpreting process?

A

-Take in source language
-Analyze deep structure meaning
-Apply Contextual Schema/Screen
-Formulate/Rehearse equivalent message
+ constant monitoring/multi tasking

100
Q

When were ASL classes and ITPs introduced?

A

Around the late 1950s to early 1960s

101
Q

When and where was the RID established?

A

Muncie, Indiana in June 1964

102
Q

What were the three largest purposes for the RID originally?

A
  • publish a registry of interpreters
  • investigate evaluation and certification systems
  • inform the public about interpreting services
103
Q

What is a similar organization to the RID based in Canada?

A

The Association of the Visual Language Interpreters of Canada

104
Q

When did the RID begin certification process?

A

1972 began evaluation of sign language interpreters

105
Q

What is a CSC in the context of certification

A

Comprehensive Skills Certificate

106
Q

What is an IC in the context of certification?

A

Interpreter Certificate

107
Q

What is a TC in the context of certification?

A

Transliterating Certificate

108
Q

What is an RSC in the context of certification?

A

Reverse Skills Certificate, specifically for Deaf interpreters

109
Q

What is an NIC in the context of certification?

A

National Interpreter Certification

110
Q

What is an OTC in the context of certification?

A

Oral Transliteration Certificate

111
Q

What is special about certification in the context of legal interpreting?

A

One must get a specialist certificate proving that they are knowledgeable in law

112
Q

What is the EIPA?

A

Educational Interpreter Performance Assessment

113
Q

What is another way to describe ethics?

A

Behavioral standards

114
Q

What is a huge requirement in order to make ethical decisions?

A

Ethical decision making requires critical thinking skills

115
Q

What are some of the steps of ethical decision making?

A
  • List options
  • Identify the Consequences of each
  • Collect/Review facts
  • Review consequences
  • Review options
  • Rank options
  • Act
  • Record for reference
116
Q

Define mentoring or twinning

A

arrangement in which more experienced interpreters adopt a less experienced interpreter in order to help them learn

117
Q

What is the importance of confidentiality?

A

Clients are hiring professionals to trust them with vital and private information

118
Q

What are some of the guiding principles of the RID CPC?

A

Confidentiality, competence, impartiality, growth and development

119
Q

What is one of the main ways the code of conduct combats power imbalance?

A

Empowering the cilent

120
Q

When are clients involved in purchasing services?

A

Each state has different requirements for businesses or organizations based on size

121
Q

What is unique about some educational settings?

A

Interpreter must sometimes assist the teacher in the classroom, tutor the Deaf student, and interpret

122
Q

What is unique. about professional development in educational settings?

A

interpreters are required to attend regular professional development days in their local school district

123
Q

What is unique about interpreting for employment or education related assignments?

A

Added layer of responsibility and influence

124
Q

What was the start of audist ideology in employment?

A

Around the industrial revolution, although audism was always prevalent

125
Q

What is unique about working in companies with larger numbers of Deaf employees?

A

More often find full time interpreters on staff and will be subject to supervision and evaluation

126
Q

What are working conditions like for interpreters?

A

Usually less than ideal but always visually focused

127
Q

What are four common examples of religious events that need frequent interpretation?

A

liturgical services, funerals, weddings, special events

128
Q

What is unique about language use in religious settings?

A

Signs can often be frozen or multi-purposed, ex. BAPTISM signed differently in Baptist vs Catholic settings due to different process

129
Q

Are standard qualifications often established in religious settings?

A

Not often

130
Q

What is a benefit of many religious settings?

A

Text for songs, sermons, and prayers can often be obtained beforehand

131
Q

What is the demand for interpreters in North America?

A

There is a critical shortage of sign language interpreters in every employment area

132
Q

Define staff interpreter

A

full-time working for a business, school, or agency

likely to receive benefits

133
Q

Define contract interpreter

A

working hourly for school or agency, no benefits as a rule

134
Q

Define self-employed practitioners

A

part-to-full-time work, depending on demand, benefits must be paid by the individual interpreters

135
Q

What is the rate of pay for interpreters?

A

The rate of pay can vary from $20 to $75+

136
Q

What are some possible influencers of eye strain?

A

artificial lights, focusing all day on a video monitor

137
Q

What are some possible physical strains?

A

modified signing space, strained neck and back

138
Q

Define supervision

A

Supervisor available for support to provide ongoing and evaluative feedback

139
Q

How did the ADA change employment?

A

Far more full time job openings after passage of ADA

140
Q

Why is private practice not the best for beginning interpreters?

A

Can be lucrative but interpreters must develop skills, clientele, and interaction with Deaf community to build trust

DEAF 420 (1 decks)

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