Knowledge Evaluation #3: Culture, Socialization, and Agents of Socialization Flashcards
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and using it as the standard to judge other cultures.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
A theory that explains the development of moral reasoning through three levels:
Pre-conventional: Focus on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.
Conventional: Obedience to social rules and laws for approval.
Post-conventional: Guided by abstract principles and ethics beyond laws.
Anticipatory socialization
The process of learning and adopting behaviours or norms in preparation for a future role or status.
Cultural relativism
the practice of evaluating and understanding another culture by its own standards, without making judgments based on one’s own culture.
Hidden curriculum
The informal teaching of social norms, values, and expectations in schools that are not part of the official curriculum.
Gilligan’s gender-role model of moral development
Carol Gilligan’s theory suggesting that moral development in women differs from men, with women focusing more on care and relationships, while men tend to focus on justice and rules.
Cultural appropriation
The adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of another culture, often without permission, which can lead to disrespect or exploitation.
Mead’s role-taking model
George Herbert Mead’s theory that children learn to take on the roles of others through play, eventually understanding the perspective of the “generalized other” (society’s expectations).
Social prescriptions
Social norms and expectations that dictate the behaviours deemed appropriate for individuals in specific roles or statuses.
Cultural imperialism
The imposition of one culture’s beliefs, practices, and values on another culture, often through dominance and power
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
A theory of eight stages that span across life, each presenting a conflict between two opposing outcomes, e.g., trust vs. mistrust, identity vs. role confusion.
Coleman’s social categories
James S. Coleman’s focus on how social categories (like cliques or groups in schools) shape identity and behavior, particularly within adolescent socialization.
Cultural norm
The shared expectations and rules that guide behaviour within a group or society.
Cultural capital
The non-financial social assets (like education, style, appearance) that help individuals gain social mobility or status in society.
Media socialization
The process by which individuals learn values, norms, and behaviours through media consumption, including TV, social media, and other forms of communication.
