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Knowledge Check Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between setting and streaming?

A

Setting is subject specific whereas streaming is across all subjects

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2
Q

Who argued that w/c parents have lower aspirations for their children?

A

Douglas

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3
Q

What is another name for neo-liberal perspective on education?

A

New Right

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4
Q

What are the three main characteristics of an anti-school subculture?

A

non-conformity to school rules, negative attitude towards teachers, lower educational achievement

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5
Q

What are the 2 main external factors which lead to difference in educational achievement according to class?

A

Cultural and material

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6
Q

Who is associated with the principal of the correspondence principal?

A

Bowles and Gintis

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7
Q

What are the 5 male subcultures according to Mac an Ghaill?

A

Academic Achievers, Macho Lads, New Enterprisers, Real Englishmen, Gay students

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8
Q

Which government policy introduced the national curriculum?

A

1988 Education Reform Act

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9
Q

What are the 2 main internal factors influencing subject choice?

A

Gendered subject image and peer pressure

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10
Q

Which perspective suggests that the government should make more opportunities for society to be more equal and meritocratic?

A

Social democratic perspective

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11
Q

What was the purpose of the New Labour Policy - New Deal for young people?

A

To prevent young people from joining the ranks of the unemployed after leaving school

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12
Q

What are the 4 internal factors which affect differential educational achievement?

A

Labelling, Self Fulfilling Prophecy, Streaming and Subcultures

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13
Q

Which report felt that socio-economic factors were the main factors in underachievement in Afro-Caribbean Pupils?

A

Swan Report

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14
Q

What phrase does Althusser use to describe institution such as education?

A

Ideological State Apparatus

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15
Q

Who argues that education doesn’t sift and sort but rather leads to cultural reproduction?

A

Bourdieu

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16
Q

Which perspective suggests that there needs to be greater focus on vocational education so that students are more prepared for the world of work?

A

New Right

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17
Q

What is the term used to refer to parents having more choice over which school to send their children to?

A

Parentocracy

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18
Q

What is meant by the term educational triage?

A

The rationing of educational resources, with extra resources being aimed at those on the c/d borderline

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19
Q

Who argues that the ethnocentric curriculum is evidence of institutional racism in education?

A

Coard

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20
Q

What 2 external factors are suggested to explain underachievement of boys?

A

Lack of literacy skills, crisis of masculinity

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21
Q

What are the 4 main ways of grouping students in schools?

A

Mixed ability, setting, streaming, class groups

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22
Q

What did Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?

A

m/c language, values and skills which are rewarded by the education system

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23
Q

Give 1 example of material deprivation which can affect educational achievement other than lack of resources

A

Poor diet, crowded living, unable to afford tutors

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24
Q

Who studied girls’ aspirations in the 1970’s and in the 1990’s and found there had been a significant shift in priorities?

A

Sue Sharpe

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25
Q

What are the 4 Afro-Caribbean subcultures outlined in Sewell’s Study?

A

Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Rebels

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26
Q

What did Parsons mean by Particularistic values?

A

The ways that a child is treated as an individual in the home

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27
Q

Who completed a study looking at anti-school subcultures in boys called ‘Learning to Labour’?

A

Paul Willis

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28
Q

What is the correspondence principal?

A

The idea that the education system mirrors the world of work in a number of ways

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29
Q

What is meant by the term self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

When a student lives up to the label given to them by the teacher or school

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30
Q

What is material deprivation?

A

When a student is unable to access the basic necessities to help with academic success such as revision materials or a place to study

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31
Q

What are the 4 main values that Sugarman suggested w/c students are socialised into that prevent educational success?

A

Fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism

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32
Q

What are the 3 elements of the tripartite education system?

A

Grammar Schools, Secondary Modern, Technical Schools

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33
Q

What did Bernstein mean by elaborate code of language?

A

Longer more complicated sentences - m/c

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34
Q

What is GIST?

A

Girls in Science and Technology - a gov policy to encourage girls in to more traditionally male subjects

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35
Q

What is the Halo Effect?

A

When a pupil is stereotyped from a first impression as being good/bad or thick/bright

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36
Q

Who suggested that education ‘sifts and sorts’ people into appropriate roles in society?

A

Davis and Moore

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37
Q

Identify 2 ways that schools reflect the world of work

A

uniforms, hierarchy, routine, bedroom, discipline

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38
Q

Who criticises cultural deprivation theory as being victim blaming?

A

Keddie

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39
Q

Identify 1 example showing that schools are becoming more customised

A

Faith schools, Free schools, Specialised schools

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40
Q

How would radical feminists like to see the education system structured?

A

Single sex

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41
Q

What is meant by the term cultural deprivation?

A

Pupils are denied the cultural experiences that are necessary to do well at school

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42
Q

What did Bernstein mean by restricted code of language?

A

A form of short hand speech which meaning is not explicit but implied - w/c

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43
Q

According to JWB Douglas’s study which of the classes are deprived of parental support?

A

w/c

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44
Q

What does Durkheim believe the main role of education is?

A

The teaching of social norms and values and to help create social cohesion

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45
Q

Who found that teachers tend to racialize expectations of pupils?

A

Gillbourn and Youdell

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46
Q

What is meant by the term compensatory education?

A

Policies which give w/c and EM students extra help in order to make up for poor socialisation

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47
Q

What is a meritocratic education?

A

Education systems which ensures that people are given the right jobs and rewarded for working hard

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48
Q

Who argues that marketisation was a good way to improve school standards?

A

Chubb and Moe

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49
Q

What is meant by vocational education?

A

Courses which are linked to a specific job/career

50
Q

Which perspective believes that the way a teacher interacts with a pupil affects the pupil’s education?

A

Interactionists

51
Q

What is the Hidden Curriculum?

A

The untaught lessons such as punctuality and team work

52
Q

Which perspective suggests that education has moved from one size fits all to a more diverse system that reflects the changing economy?

A

Postmodernism

53
Q

What is meant by internal factors in educational achievement?

A

Factors relating to what is happening within the educational system

54
Q

Who argued that black boys underachieve due to a lack of male role models at home?

A

Murray

55
Q

What are the 4 external factors that attempt to explain the gender gap in education?

A

Feminism, changing priorities, changes in the family, changes in employment

56
Q

What is meant by ascribed status?

A

Status that is given to someone on the basis of birth, biology or family characteristics

57
Q

What is meant by the term meritocracy?

A

Achievement is based on hard work, talent and perserverance

58
Q

Who said that black girls often adopt a pro-school subculture and worked hard to reject teacher labels and didn’t seek the teacher’s approval?

A

Fuller

59
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the idea of the ideal pupil?

A

Becker

60
Q

What is meant by the term Fatalism?

A

Acceptance of the situation rather than efforts to improve it, it will not encourage high achievement in the classroom

61
Q

Name 3 Marxist sociologist who discuss education

A

Althusser, Bowles, Gintis, Bourdieu

62
Q

Which government act stated that every child would receive a secondary education?

A

1944 Butler Act

63
Q

Whose education policies were described as the ‘third way’?

A

New Labour

64
Q

What is meant by delayed gratification?

A

The ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward. Associated with resisting a smaller but more immediate reward in order to receive a larger or more enduring reward later

65
Q

Which terms does Bartlett use to describe policies which allowed schools to take more able and reject lower ability students?

A

Cream Skimming and Silt Sifting

66
Q

What did Bernstein highlight?

A

The importance of language in educational achievement

67
Q

Who argued that the value system of the lower classes creates a ‘self-imposed barrier to an improved position’?

A

Herbert Hyman

68
Q

When was the national curriculum introduced?

A

1988

69
Q

What 3 quality assurance methods are used for education?

A

Ofsted, League and Performance Tables and National Curriculum

70
Q

What is meant by equality of outcome?

A

Everyone should leave school with the same rewards such as qualifications

71
Q

Whose research led to the understanding of anti-school subcultures being a response to negative labelling?

A

Hargreaves

72
Q

Bernstein established 2 types of linguistic code, what are they?

A

Elaborate and Restricted

73
Q

Who studied the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

A

Rosenthal and Jacobson

74
Q

What does LEA stand for?

A

Local Educational Authority

75
Q

What do Davis and Moore believe the role of education is?

A

To ensure that the right people get the right jobs

76
Q

What is meant by the comprehensive system?

A

Non-selective education system where all children attend the same type of secondary school

77
Q

In what year were Comprehensive schools introduced?

A

1965

78
Q

What is meant by the term social mobility?

A

The ability to move up or down from the social class one is born into

79
Q

What is meant by a liberal education?

A

A movement in education which argues that students should be exposed to a wide range of academic disciplines in order to produce well rounded and critical thinkers

80
Q

What is the difference between a private school and a public school?

A

Public schools require a common entrance exam as well as the paying of fees, private schools only require the payment of fees

81
Q

Give 1 advantage of comprehensivisation

A

Breakdown social barriers, caters for all abilities, cheaper to run, local schools for local children

82
Q

Which act provided free education until the age of 10 and the creation of elementary schools?

A

Foster Act 1870

83
Q

What is meant by pre-school?

A

Refers to the care and education of children under 5 before they enrol in formal education

84
Q

How does the hidden curriculum prepare students for life after school?

A

It reflects societies values and prepares students for their place in society and their future work

85
Q

What are free schools?

A

All ability, state funded independent schools. They’re designed to be run by teachers and parents who can set up schools that meet the needs of the community.

86
Q

What is the 11+ examination?

A

The exam which determined if you went to grammar school, secondary modern or a technical school

87
Q

What term is used to mean that schools are dominated by female teachers which gives the impression that education is a ‘women’s interest’?

A

Feminised Education

88
Q

Give 1 disadvantage of streaming

A

Students in the lower sets tend to be disheartened, teachers may pay less attention to the lower streamed students, a high proportion of lower stream students are w/c or EM, transfers between streams are difficult

89
Q

Give 1 criticism of marketisation of education

A

Benefits the m/c, post code lottery, reproduces class inequality, creates a two tier system of education

90
Q

Give 1 example of Alternative Educational Provision

A

Home Schooling, Special Education Schools

91
Q

What is the difference between further and higher education?

A

Further education refers to 16-18 provision which is now compulsory. Higher education refers to university level education and not compulsory

92
Q

Give 1 advantage of Streaming

A

Students will receive a level of work which is appropriate to their ability, they will work alongside students of the same ability

93
Q

Give 1 disadvantage of comprehensivisation

A

Accept lower standards, offer limited choice to parents

94
Q

What is meant by the privatisation of education?

A

a transfer of services from being owned by the state to being owned by private companies, such as teacher training, finances and school management

95
Q

Outline 2 policies which aimed to reduce inequality in education

A

New Deal 1998, Pupil Premium 2014, Comprehensive System 1965, Educational Maintenance Allowance 1997

96
Q

Outline 2 policies which aimed to reduce gender differences in educational achievement

A

Equal opportunities laws, introduction of coursework, national curriculum, GIST, WISE

97
Q

What are the characteristics of the ideal pupil?

A

White, m/c, female, passive

98
Q

What was the aim of the coalition governments education policies?

A

Marketisation and raising standards

99
Q

What is meant by funding formula?

A

The amount of money a school receives based on the number of students they attract

100
Q

What is meant by open enrolment?

A

Parents are able to apply to send their children to any school they choose regardless of catchment area

101
Q

Who argued that m/c parents are more child centred than w/c parents which is reflected in a greater personal investment in their education?

A

Feinstein

102
Q

Who studied a US primary school in which the teacher used home backgrounds to group students onto particular tables?

A

Ray Rist

103
Q

What term, coined by Pierre Bourdieu, refers to the learned, taken for granted ways of thinking, acting and being shared by a particular social class or group?

A

Habitus

104
Q

Different set of principles or expectations to similar situations, often resulting in unfair treatment or inequality

A

Double standards

105
Q

Laura Mulvey - refers to the perspective through which visual media often depicts the world from a heterosexual male viewpoint, objectifying and sexualising women

A

Male gaze

106
Q

What term describes the process by which individuals learn and internalise societal expectations, norms, and behaviours associated with their gender?

A

Gender role socialisation

107
Q

What term refers to a cultural phenomenon where young men prioritise behaviours such as risk-taking, bravado, and misogyny as part of their social identity?

A

Laddish subculture

108
Q

What term describes a widespread feeling of fear, often fuelled by media and societal reactions, regarding a perceived threat to societal norms, values or safety?

A

Moral panic

109
Q

Process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among economies, cultures and societies

A

Globalisation

110
Q

What term describes the tasks and activities that males and females see as the ‘territory’ of their respective genders?

A

Gender domain

111
Q

What term describes minority ethnic groups such as Chinese and Indian pupils who achieve above average results?

A

Model minority

112
Q

What term describes the process of introducing competition, and consumer choice into traditionally public services, such as education, in order to increase efficiency and performance?

A

Marketisation

113
Q

What term describes an educational curriculum that prioritises the values, beliefs, and experiences of one ethnic or cultural group over others, often leading to the marginalisation of minority perspectives?

A

Ethnocentric curriculum

114
Q

What term refers to the systemic discrimination and inequalities experienced by racial minority ethnic groups within societal institutions, such as education, healthcare and criminal justice?

A

Institutional racism

115
Q

What theoretical framework sees racism as an ingrained feature of society?

A

Critical race theory

116
Q

Louise Archer - describes a concept where individuals adopt a superficial or fragmented identity based on consumer culture and material possessions?

A

Nike identities

117
Q

Refers to the status, recognition and sense of worth we are able to obtain from others, especially from those of a similar class and position to us

A

Symbolic capital

118
Q

Refers to the phenomenon where individuals fulfil expectations or predictions about themselves or others, typically due to those expectations being communicated or believed

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

119
Q

What term describes educational programs or initiatives designed to provide additional support and resources to students from disadvantaged backgrounds in order to address inequalities in academic achievement

A

Compensatory education

120
Q

Refers to the knowledge, attitude, values, language, tastes and abilities that the m/c transmit to their children, thus giving them an advantage in the education system

A

Cultural Capital

121
Q

Refers to the harm done by denying someone’s symbolic capital e.g. by defining their culture and worthless

A

Symbolic violence

122
Q

Refers to the process whereby school sort pupils into ‘hopeless cases’, those who will pass anyway’ and those with potential to pass’ and then concentrate all their efforts on the last group as a way to boost exam league table positions

A

Educational triage

Sociology - Education (3 decks)

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