Knowledge Check Flashcards
What is the difference between setting and streaming?
Setting is subject specific whereas streaming is across all subjects
Who argued that w/c parents have lower aspirations for their children?
Douglas
What is another name for neo-liberal perspective on education?
New Right
What are the three main characteristics of an anti-school subculture?
non-conformity to school rules, negative attitude towards teachers, lower educational achievement
What are the 2 main external factors which lead to difference in educational achievement according to class?
Cultural and material
Who is associated with the principal of the correspondence principal?
Bowles and Gintis
What are the 5 male subcultures according to Mac an Ghaill?
Academic Achievers, Macho Lads, New Enterprisers, Real Englishmen, Gay students
Which government policy introduced the national curriculum?
1988 Education Reform Act
What are the 2 main internal factors influencing subject choice?
Gendered subject image and peer pressure
Which perspective suggests that the government should make more opportunities for society to be more equal and meritocratic?
Social democratic perspective
What was the purpose of the New Labour Policy - New Deal for young people?
To prevent young people from joining the ranks of the unemployed after leaving school
What are the 4 internal factors which affect differential educational achievement?
Labelling, Self Fulfilling Prophecy, Streaming and Subcultures
Which report felt that socio-economic factors were the main factors in underachievement in Afro-Caribbean Pupils?
Swan Report
What phrase does Althusser use to describe institution such as education?
Ideological State Apparatus
Who argues that education doesn’t sift and sort but rather leads to cultural reproduction?
Bourdieu
Which perspective suggests that there needs to be greater focus on vocational education so that students are more prepared for the world of work?
New Right
What is the term used to refer to parents having more choice over which school to send their children to?
Parentocracy
What is meant by the term educational triage?
The rationing of educational resources, with extra resources being aimed at those on the c/d borderline
Who argues that the ethnocentric curriculum is evidence of institutional racism in education?
Coard
What 2 external factors are suggested to explain underachievement of boys?
Lack of literacy skills, crisis of masculinity
What are the 4 main ways of grouping students in schools?
Mixed ability, setting, streaming, class groups
What did Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?
m/c language, values and skills which are rewarded by the education system
Give 1 example of material deprivation which can affect educational achievement other than lack of resources
Poor diet, crowded living, unable to afford tutors
Who studied girls’ aspirations in the 1970’s and in the 1990’s and found there had been a significant shift in priorities?
Sue Sharpe
What are the 4 Afro-Caribbean subcultures outlined in Sewell’s Study?
Conformist, Innovator, Retreatist, Rebels
What did Parsons mean by Particularistic values?
The ways that a child is treated as an individual in the home
Who completed a study looking at anti-school subcultures in boys called ‘Learning to Labour’?
Paul Willis
What is the correspondence principal?
The idea that the education system mirrors the world of work in a number of ways
What is meant by the term self-fulfilling prophecy?
When a student lives up to the label given to them by the teacher or school
What is material deprivation?
When a student is unable to access the basic necessities to help with academic success such as revision materials or a place to study
What are the 4 main values that Sugarman suggested w/c students are socialised into that prevent educational success?
Fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism
What are the 3 elements of the tripartite education system?
Grammar Schools, Secondary Modern, Technical Schools
What did Bernstein mean by elaborate code of language?
Longer more complicated sentences - m/c
What is GIST?
Girls in Science and Technology - a gov policy to encourage girls in to more traditionally male subjects
What is the Halo Effect?
When a pupil is stereotyped from a first impression as being good/bad or thick/bright
Who suggested that education ‘sifts and sorts’ people into appropriate roles in society?
Davis and Moore
Identify 2 ways that schools reflect the world of work
uniforms, hierarchy, routine, bedroom, discipline
Who criticises cultural deprivation theory as being victim blaming?
Keddie
Identify 1 example showing that schools are becoming more customised
Faith schools, Free schools, Specialised schools
How would radical feminists like to see the education system structured?
Single sex
What is meant by the term cultural deprivation?
Pupils are denied the cultural experiences that are necessary to do well at school
What did Bernstein mean by restricted code of language?
A form of short hand speech which meaning is not explicit but implied - w/c
According to JWB Douglas’s study which of the classes are deprived of parental support?
w/c
What does Durkheim believe the main role of education is?
The teaching of social norms and values and to help create social cohesion
Who found that teachers tend to racialize expectations of pupils?
Gillbourn and Youdell
What is meant by the term compensatory education?
Policies which give w/c and EM students extra help in order to make up for poor socialisation
What is a meritocratic education?
Education systems which ensures that people are given the right jobs and rewarded for working hard
Who argues that marketisation was a good way to improve school standards?
Chubb and Moe
What is meant by vocational education?
Courses which are linked to a specific job/career
Which perspective believes that the way a teacher interacts with a pupil affects the pupil’s education?
Interactionists
What is the Hidden Curriculum?
The untaught lessons such as punctuality and team work
Which perspective suggests that education has moved from one size fits all to a more diverse system that reflects the changing economy?
Postmodernism
What is meant by internal factors in educational achievement?
Factors relating to what is happening within the educational system
Who argued that black boys underachieve due to a lack of male role models at home?
Murray
What are the 4 external factors that attempt to explain the gender gap in education?
Feminism, changing priorities, changes in the family, changes in employment
What is meant by ascribed status?
Status that is given to someone on the basis of birth, biology or family characteristics
What is meant by the term meritocracy?
Achievement is based on hard work, talent and perserverance
Who said that black girls often adopt a pro-school subculture and worked hard to reject teacher labels and didn’t seek the teacher’s approval?
Fuller
Which sociologist is associated with the idea of the ideal pupil?
Becker
What is meant by the term Fatalism?
Acceptance of the situation rather than efforts to improve it, it will not encourage high achievement in the classroom
Name 3 Marxist sociologist who discuss education
Althusser, Bowles, Gintis, Bourdieu
Which government act stated that every child would receive a secondary education?
1944 Butler Act
Whose education policies were described as the ‘third way’?
New Labour
What is meant by delayed gratification?
The ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward. Associated with resisting a smaller but more immediate reward in order to receive a larger or more enduring reward later
Which terms does Bartlett use to describe policies which allowed schools to take more able and reject lower ability students?
Cream Skimming and Silt Sifting
What did Bernstein highlight?
The importance of language in educational achievement
Who argued that the value system of the lower classes creates a ‘self-imposed barrier to an improved position’?
Herbert Hyman
When was the national curriculum introduced?
1988
What 3 quality assurance methods are used for education?
Ofsted, League and Performance Tables and National Curriculum
What is meant by equality of outcome?
Everyone should leave school with the same rewards such as qualifications
Whose research led to the understanding of anti-school subcultures being a response to negative labelling?
Hargreaves
Bernstein established 2 types of linguistic code, what are they?
Elaborate and Restricted
Who studied the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?
Rosenthal and Jacobson
What does LEA stand for?
Local Educational Authority
What do Davis and Moore believe the role of education is?
To ensure that the right people get the right jobs
What is meant by the comprehensive system?
Non-selective education system where all children attend the same type of secondary school
In what year were Comprehensive schools introduced?
1965
What is meant by the term social mobility?
The ability to move up or down from the social class one is born into
What is meant by a liberal education?
A movement in education which argues that students should be exposed to a wide range of academic disciplines in order to produce well rounded and critical thinkers
What is the difference between a private school and a public school?
Public schools require a common entrance exam as well as the paying of fees, private schools only require the payment of fees
Give 1 advantage of comprehensivisation
Breakdown social barriers, caters for all abilities, cheaper to run, local schools for local children
Which act provided free education until the age of 10 and the creation of elementary schools?
Foster Act 1870
What is meant by pre-school?
Refers to the care and education of children under 5 before they enrol in formal education
How does the hidden curriculum prepare students for life after school?
It reflects societies values and prepares students for their place in society and their future work
What are free schools?
All ability, state funded independent schools. They’re designed to be run by teachers and parents who can set up schools that meet the needs of the community.
What is the 11+ examination?
The exam which determined if you went to grammar school, secondary modern or a technical school
What term is used to mean that schools are dominated by female teachers which gives the impression that education is a ‘women’s interest’?
Feminised Education
Give 1 disadvantage of streaming
Students in the lower sets tend to be disheartened, teachers may pay less attention to the lower streamed students, a high proportion of lower stream students are w/c or EM, transfers between streams are difficult
Give 1 criticism of marketisation of education
Benefits the m/c, post code lottery, reproduces class inequality, creates a two tier system of education
Give 1 example of Alternative Educational Provision
Home Schooling, Special Education Schools
What is the difference between further and higher education?
Further education refers to 16-18 provision which is now compulsory. Higher education refers to university level education and not compulsory
Give 1 advantage of Streaming
Students will receive a level of work which is appropriate to their ability, they will work alongside students of the same ability
Give 1 disadvantage of comprehensivisation
Accept lower standards, offer limited choice to parents
What is meant by the privatisation of education?
a transfer of services from being owned by the state to being owned by private companies, such as teacher training, finances and school management
Outline 2 policies which aimed to reduce inequality in education
New Deal 1998, Pupil Premium 2014, Comprehensive System 1965, Educational Maintenance Allowance 1997
Outline 2 policies which aimed to reduce gender differences in educational achievement
Equal opportunities laws, introduction of coursework, national curriculum, GIST, WISE
What are the characteristics of the ideal pupil?
White, m/c, female, passive
What was the aim of the coalition governments education policies?
Marketisation and raising standards
What is meant by funding formula?
The amount of money a school receives based on the number of students they attract
What is meant by open enrolment?
Parents are able to apply to send their children to any school they choose regardless of catchment area
Who argued that m/c parents are more child centred than w/c parents which is reflected in a greater personal investment in their education?
Feinstein
Who studied a US primary school in which the teacher used home backgrounds to group students onto particular tables?
Ray Rist
What term, coined by Pierre Bourdieu, refers to the learned, taken for granted ways of thinking, acting and being shared by a particular social class or group?
Habitus
Different set of principles or expectations to similar situations, often resulting in unfair treatment or inequality
Double standards
Laura Mulvey - refers to the perspective through which visual media often depicts the world from a heterosexual male viewpoint, objectifying and sexualising women
Male gaze
What term describes the process by which individuals learn and internalise societal expectations, norms, and behaviours associated with their gender?
Gender role socialisation
What term refers to a cultural phenomenon where young men prioritise behaviours such as risk-taking, bravado, and misogyny as part of their social identity?
Laddish subculture
What term describes a widespread feeling of fear, often fuelled by media and societal reactions, regarding a perceived threat to societal norms, values or safety?
Moral panic
Process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among economies, cultures and societies
Globalisation
What term describes the tasks and activities that males and females see as the ‘territory’ of their respective genders?
Gender domain
What term describes minority ethnic groups such as Chinese and Indian pupils who achieve above average results?
Model minority
What term describes the process of introducing competition, and consumer choice into traditionally public services, such as education, in order to increase efficiency and performance?
Marketisation
What term describes an educational curriculum that prioritises the values, beliefs, and experiences of one ethnic or cultural group over others, often leading to the marginalisation of minority perspectives?
Ethnocentric curriculum
What term refers to the systemic discrimination and inequalities experienced by racial minority ethnic groups within societal institutions, such as education, healthcare and criminal justice?
Institutional racism
What theoretical framework sees racism as an ingrained feature of society?
Critical race theory
Louise Archer - describes a concept where individuals adopt a superficial or fragmented identity based on consumer culture and material possessions?
Nike identities
Refers to the status, recognition and sense of worth we are able to obtain from others, especially from those of a similar class and position to us
Symbolic capital
Refers to the phenomenon where individuals fulfil expectations or predictions about themselves or others, typically due to those expectations being communicated or believed
Self-fulfilling prophecy
What term describes educational programs or initiatives designed to provide additional support and resources to students from disadvantaged backgrounds in order to address inequalities in academic achievement
Compensatory education
Refers to the knowledge, attitude, values, language, tastes and abilities that the m/c transmit to their children, thus giving them an advantage in the education system
Cultural Capital
Refers to the harm done by denying someone’s symbolic capital e.g. by defining their culture and worthless
Symbolic violence
Refers to the process whereby school sort pupils into ‘hopeless cases’, those who will pass anyway’ and those with potential to pass’ and then concentrate all their efforts on the last group as a way to boost exam league table positions
Educational triage
