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Knowledge And The Knower Flashcards

1
Q

A Posteriori Knowledge

A

Knowledge obtained through observation and experience

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2
Q

A Priori Knowledge

A

Knowledge that is independent of observation of direct experience and obtained through theoretical deduction

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3
Q

Allegory of the Cave

A

Plato’s symbolic representation of human beings living in reality and our interpretations of it, which may differ from individual to individual based on personal perception and life experience.

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4
Q

Analogy of the Sun

A

Plato’s representation of ‘the good’ through the image of the Sun as the Sun spreads light on the truth.

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5
Q

Analytic Statement

A

Hume’s term for a statement of which the truth value is determined by the meanings of its terms; e.g., “All squares are four-sided.” Hume also called these relations of ideas.

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6
Q

Assumption

A

a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.

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7
Q

Bias

A

a disproportionate weight in favour of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned.

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8
Q

Black Swan Event

A

an unpredictable event that is beyond what is normally expected of a situation and has potentially severe consequences.

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9
Q

Body Theory of Identity

A

the concept of an identity being individualised through physical features/bodily form

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10
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

organising sensory information as it is coming into our sensory apparatus.

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11
Q

Bots

A

automated computer programs driven by artificial intelligence.

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12
Q

Brahman

A

the Hindu belief in the ultimate reality underlying all phenomena.

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13
Q

Cognitive Bias

A

a systematic error in thinking that occurs when people are processing and interpreting information in the world around them, affecting the decisions and judgments that they make.

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14
Q

Coherence Theory of Truth

A

associated with IDEALISM stating that the truth of a belief is based on the degree to which it coheres/aligns with all other beliefs in a system of beliefs; this suggests perception, not materialism, is reality.

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15
Q

Conformity

A

the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours to group norms, politics or being like-minded. Norms are implicit, specific rules, shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others.

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16
Q

Consensus Theory of Truth

A

the theory of believing a statement to be true because the general population believes it to be so.

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17
Q

Conspiracy Theory

A

a belief that the common explanation for some event or some state of affairs is not true, and that, in reality, some actors (individuals or organisations) are responsible for that event or state of affairs in order to deceive the public.

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18
Q

Contingent Identity

A

the ideas that personal identity is dependent on context, i.e. we are defined in relation to the circumstances we find ourselves in.

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19
Q

Correspondence Theory of Truth

A

states that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes, or corresponds, with that world.

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20
Q

Deduction

A

in logic, a conclusion derived from a logical or reasonable inference. An inference is deductively valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises, i.e. if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.

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21
Q

Disinformation

A

intentionally false or incorrect information

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22
Q

Double Conciousness

A

Dubois’s theory about the sense of internal conflict with identity because of an oppressive environment and cultural paradigms through which one might conceive of themself.

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23
Q

Dualism

A

proposes the existence of distinct realms of mind and body (or matter).

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24
Q

Echo Chamber

A

a space in which sound reverberates, so any sounds made are repeated over and over as they bounce from the walls; a metaphor for the narrowing effect created by a knowledge tribe reflecting its own values and beliefs.

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25
Egocentric Predicament
the problem of not being able to view reality outside of our own perceptions, creating a centring effect/illusion that one is at the centre of reality
26
Empiricism
a school of thought that claims sensory experience as the essential source of knowing.
27
Epistomology
the study of the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.
28
Essential and Accidental Properties
essential properties are properties that objects must have to be classified as that object, whereas accidental properties are properties that objects have, but are still classified as that object even if those properties are lost.
29
Factual and Propositional Knowledge
the collection of claims about the world that we believe to be true.
30
Fake News
false, often sensational stories presented as genuine news items, spread under the guise of reporting.
31
Fatalism
the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable.
32
Fungibility
the ability of a thing being able to be interchanged with another thing of similar type.
33
Gettier Case
instances where there is a justified true belief, in which the justification is flawed, but the belief is true nonetheless as a matter of luck.
34
Global Doubt
the view that one cannot know anything at all; therefore, everything is subject to doubt.
35
Gnosticism
a collection of religious ideas and systems which coalesced in the late 1st century AD among Jewish and early Christian sects. It proposes that human beings contain a piece of God (the highest good or a “divine spark”) within themselves, which has fallen from the immaterial world into the bodies of humans, which are temporary.
36
Hume’s Fork
David Hume's epistemological theory that all concepts are divisible into two distinct categories: 'relations of ideas' and 'matters of fact', and that genuine knowledge may only be derived from those concepts identified as the latter.
37
Hyperreality
Baudrillard’s idea that it is difficult or impossible to distinguish between reality and representations of reality in the postmodern world; the effect of simulacra and simulation.
38
Idealism
the metaphysical view that associates reality to ideas in the mind rather than to material objects.
39
Identity
the defining values, beliefs, morals, experiences, memories, and personal identifiers of one’s self.
40
Inattentional Blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
41
Induction
a method of reasoning in logic, in which a body of observations is considered to derive a general principle. It consists of making broad generalisations/conclusions based on specific observations.
42
Intersectionality
the framework of social categories that define an individual (race, class, gender, etc.).
43
Justified True Belief (JTB Theory)
Plato’s theory that knowledge is equivalent to a justified belief that is true.
44
Knowledge by Acquaintance
occurs when the subject has an immediate, first-hand awareness of some propositional truth.
45
Knowledge by Acquaintance
occurs when the subject has an immediate, first-hand awareness of some propositional truth.
46
Knowledge Community
the groups of people with common interests and shared knowledge.
47
Knowledge Tribe
a group we identify most strongly with within knowledge communities.
48
Knowledge Tribe
a group we identify most strongly with within knowledge communities.
49
Labelling Theory
Becker’s theory that deviance is a consequence of external judgments that modify the individual’s self-concept and change the way others respond to the labelled person.
50
Law of Nature
a regularly occurring or apparently inevitable phenomenon observable in the world.
51
Local Doubt
the view that one cannot possess knowledge in a particular domain at a particular point in time if you rely solely on your senses.
52
Long Term Potentiation
a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons.
53
Metaethics
the study of the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgment.
54
Memory Theory of Identity
Locke’s theory that an individual’s identity only exists as much as what they are able to remember.
55
Misinformation
unintentionally false or incorrect information.
56
Moksha
the Hindu and Jainist belief in a transcendent state attained as a result of being released from the cycle of rebirth.
57
Monism
proposes that everything we perceive are the different manifestations of a single absolute entity, and every phenomenon experienced by us can be explained in terms of this universally common entity.
58
Moral Absolutism
the position that there are universal ethical standards that apply to actions regardless of context.
59
Moral Relativism
the belief that what might be true or right for one person or group need not be true for another person or group; all truths are of equal value and our knowledge or truth is a matter of point-of-view.
60
Narrative View of Personal Identity
the theory that individuals form personal identities through combining their life experiences into a narrative that they continue throughout their life and thus creating a sense of purpose and self-continuity.
61
Nirvana
the Buddhist belief in a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth.
62
Noble Lie
a “justifiably good” lie that is told as a way of maintaining social peace, benefitting society, etc.
63
Noumena
Kant’s metaphysical theory of “a thing as it is in itself”, as distinct from a thing as it is knowable by the senses (phenomena).
64
Objective
a detached view that focuses on facts in a way largely independent of the knower’s personal perspective, and that expects to be corroborated by a knowledge community.
65
Objectivity Illusion
the tendency of people to see themselves as more impartial, more insightful, and less biased than others.
66
Occam’s Razor
explanations of unknown phenomena are sought first in terms of known – as opposed to unknown – quantities; the simplest explanation with the fewest parts is probably correct.
67
Optical Illusion
a misleading image that is often perceived in a manner differing from the original intent/reality.
68
Overview Effect
a change in awareness when relative experiences are compared, as experienced by astronauts seeing Earth from space.
69
Paradigm
the set of rules and conditions in our brain that a person uses to interpret and understand sensory experience; a way of thinking.
70
Paradigm Shift
a major change in the worldview, concepts, and practices of how something works or is perceived.
71
Perception
the process by which we select and organise sensory data to recognize meaningful objects and events.
72
Perception
the process by which we select and organise sensory data to recognize meaningful objects and events.
73
Personal Identity Knowledge Cycle
the effect in which our knowledge grows and identity develops as our experiences broaden
74
Personal Knowledge
the knowledge we have through our own experiences and personal involvement.
75
Perspective/Worldview
the vantage point from which we observe our reality.
76
Phaneron
the real world filtered by our sensory input.
77
Phenomena
Kant’s theory of an observable event; “the thing appearing to view” as opposed to noumena.
78
Potemkin’s Village
in its original meaning, any of a number of fake villages designed to impress the Russian empress Catherine the Great. The term has also come to be used to describe an elaborate facade designed to hide an undesirable reality.
79
Practical Knowledge
knowing how to do something; procedural knowledge.
80
Practical/Material Tools
devices used to complement or enhance our cognition.
81
Pragmatic Theory of Truth
we assess the validity of a ‘truth’ depending on how useful it is to believe.
82
Probability Theory
the extent to which an event is likely to occur.
83
Propaganda
the deliberate manipulation of information in order to influence what people think, usually for political purposes.
84
Rationalism
a school of thought that relies on deduction and logic rather than sensory experience to determine truth. In other words, the belief that the rational mind is the best way to know something. If you are a rationalist, you believe that your mind is more trustworthy than your senses.
85
Real-life Situations (RLS)
or incidents from reality, which serve as starting points for our investigations into ourselves as knowers and into the areas of knowledge, and are used to explain and justify our knowledge claims and counterclaims.
86
Realism
the view that most of the objects that populate the world exist independently of our thought and have their natures independently of how, if at all, we conceive of them through our cognitive bias.
87
Realism
the view that most of the objects that populate the world exist independently of our thought and have their natures independently of how, if at all, we conceive of them through our cognitive bias.
88
Relativity
recognizing that knowledge claims are dependent on contextual factors or frames of reference.
89
Retribution
Punishment inflicted in response to an action
90
Samsara
the Hindu belief in a continuous cycle in which the soul is reborn over and over again according to the law of action and reaction. At death many Hindus believe the soul is carried by a subtle body into a new physical body which can be a human or non-human form (an animal or divine being).
91
Scientific Method
the process by which relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested.
92
Selective Attention
the process of directing our awareness to relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment.
93
Self-licking Ice Cream Cone
a self-perpetuating system that has no purpose other than to sustain itself; a positive feedback loop based on a lie.
94
Sensation
the process by which our sensory apparatus (receptors and nervous system) capture stimuli (or stimulus energies) from the environment.
95
Sentient Being
beings with consciousness, sentience, or in some contexts life itself. In Buddhism, sentient beings are composed of the five aggregates, or skandhas: matter, sensation, perception, mental formations and consciousness.
96
Simulacra
Baudrillard’s concept of copies that depict things that either had no original, or that no longer have an original.
97
Simulation
Baudrillard’s concept that the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time; this idea claims that our current society has replaced all reality and meaning with symbols and signs, and that human experience is a simulation of reality
98
Simulation Hypothesis
proposes that all of existence might be a simulated reality, such as a computer simulation that convinces its inhabitants that the simulation is "real."
99
Skeptic
an ancient or modern philosopher who denies the possibility of knowledge, or even rational belief, in some sphere.
100
Social Identity Theory
our identity is defined by the groups, knowledge communities, and knowledge tribes we belong to, so we may be perceived differently according to our membership in these groups, which in turn shapes our sense of self.
101
Solipsism
an epistemological position that claims knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure; the external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist outside the mind.
102
Subjective
a personal view influenced by the knower’s feelings, opinions, or emotions.
103
Syllogism
a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion (e.g., all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs).
104
Tabula Rasa
John Locke’s theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content, and therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception.
105
The Indiscernibility of Identicals
the principle that states that there cannot be separate objects or entities that have all their properties in common; whatever is true of a thing is true of anything identical with that thing.
106
Theory of Forms
Plato’s assertion that the physical realm is only a shadow, or image, of the true reality of the Realm of Forms. The Forms are abstract, perfect, unchanging concepts or ideals that transcend time and space.
107
Theory of Psychological Connectedness
the idea that despite changes across time, our identity endures through our relationship with ideas and events from our past.
108
Theseus’s Ship Paradox
a thought experiment that raises the question of whether an object that has had all of its components replaced remains fundamentally the same object.
109
Transient Identity
the notion that our identity is impermanent and thus changes over time.
110
Tribalism
the behaviours and attitudes that arise out of loyalty to a social group

Theory Of Knowledge (1 decks)

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