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Theory Of Knowledge > Knowledge And The Knower > Flashcards

Knowledge And The Knower Flashcards

1
Q

A Posteriori Knowledge

A

Knowledge obtained through observation and experience

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2
Q

A Priori Knowledge

A

Knowledge that is independent of observation of direct experience and obtained through theoretical deduction

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3
Q

Allegory of the Cave

A

Plato’s symbolic representation of human beings living in reality and our interpretations of it, which may differ from individual to individual based on personal perception and life experience.

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4
Q

Analogy of the Sun

A

Plato’s representation of ‘the good’ through the image of the Sun as the Sun spreads light on the truth.

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5
Q

Analytic Statement

A

Hume’s term for a statement of which the truth value is determined by the meanings of its terms; e.g., “All squares are four-sided.” Hume also called these relations of ideas.

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6
Q

Assumption

A

a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.

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7
Q

Bias

A

a disproportionate weight in favour of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned.

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8
Q

Black Swan Event

A

an unpredictable event that is beyond what is normally expected of a situation and has potentially severe consequences.

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9
Q

Body Theory of Identity

A

the concept of an identity being individualised through physical features/bodily form

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10
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

organising sensory information as it is coming into our sensory apparatus.

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11
Q

Bots

A

automated computer programs driven by artificial intelligence.

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12
Q

Brahman

A

the Hindu belief in the ultimate reality underlying all phenomena.

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13
Q

Cognitive Bias

A

a systematic error in thinking that occurs when people are processing and interpreting information in the world around them, affecting the decisions and judgments that they make.

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14
Q

Coherence Theory of Truth

A

associated with IDEALISM stating that the truth of a belief is based on the degree to which it coheres/aligns with all other beliefs in a system of beliefs; this suggests perception, not materialism, is reality.

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15
Q

Conformity

A

the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours to group norms, politics or being like-minded. Norms are implicit, specific rules, shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others.

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16
Q

Consensus Theory of Truth

A

the theory of believing a statement to be true because the general population believes it to be so.

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17
Q

Conspiracy Theory

A

a belief that the common explanation for some event or some state of affairs is not true, and that, in reality, some actors (individuals or organisations) are responsible for that event or state of affairs in order to deceive the public.

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18
Q

Contingent Identity

A

the ideas that personal identity is dependent on context, i.e. we are defined in relation to the circumstances we find ourselves in.

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19
Q

Correspondence Theory of Truth

A

states that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes, or corresponds, with that world.

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20
Q

Deduction

A

in logic, a conclusion derived from a logical or reasonable inference. An inference is deductively valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises, i.e. if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.

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21
Q

Disinformation

A

intentionally false or incorrect information

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22
Q

Double Conciousness

A

Dubois’s theory about the sense of internal conflict with identity because of an oppressive environment and cultural paradigms through which one might conceive of themself.

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23
Q

Dualism

A

proposes the existence of distinct realms of mind and body (or matter).

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24
Q

Echo Chamber

A

a space in which sound reverberates, so any sounds made are repeated over and over as they bounce from the walls; a metaphor for the narrowing effect created by a knowledge tribe reflecting its own values and beliefs.

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25
Q

Egocentric Predicament

A

the problem of not being able to view reality outside of our own perceptions, creating a centring effect/illusion that one is at the centre of reality

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26
Q

Empiricism

A

a school of thought that claims sensory experience as the essential source of knowing.

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27
Q

Epistomology

A

the study of the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.

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28
Q

Essential and Accidental Properties

A

essential properties are properties that objects must have to be classified as that object, whereas accidental properties are properties that objects have, but are still classified as that object even if those properties are lost.

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29
Q

Factual and Propositional Knowledge

A

the collection of claims about the world that we believe to be true.

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30
Q

Fake News

A

false, often sensational stories presented as genuine news items, spread under the guise of reporting.

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31
Q

Fatalism

A

the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable.

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32
Q

Fungibility

A

the ability of a thing being able to be interchanged with another thing of similar type.

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33
Q

Gettier Case

A

instances where there is a justified true belief, in which the justification is flawed, but the belief is true nonetheless as a matter of luck.

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34
Q

Global Doubt

A

the view that one cannot know anything at all; therefore, everything is subject to doubt.

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35
Q

Gnosticism

A

a collection of religious ideas and systems which coalesced in the late 1st century AD among Jewish and early Christian sects. It proposes that human beings contain a piece of God (the highest good or a “divine spark”) within themselves, which has fallen from the immaterial world into the bodies of humans, which are temporary.

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36
Q

Hume’s Fork

A

David Hume’s epistemological theory that all concepts are divisible into two distinct categories: ‘relations of ideas’ and ‘matters of fact’, and that genuine knowledge may only be derived from those concepts identified as the latter.

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37
Q

Hyperreality

A

Baudrillard’s idea that it is difficult or impossible to distinguish between reality and representations of reality in the postmodern world; the effect of simulacra and simulation.

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38
Q

Idealism

A

the metaphysical view that associates reality to ideas in the mind rather than to material objects.

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39
Q

Identity

A

the defining values, beliefs, morals, experiences, memories, and personal identifiers of one’s self.

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40
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

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41
Q

Induction

A

a method of reasoning in logic, in which a body of observations is considered to derive a general principle. It consists of making broad generalisations/conclusions based on specific observations.

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42
Q

Intersectionality

A

the framework of social categories that define an individual (race, class, gender, etc.).

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43
Q

Justified True Belief (JTB Theory)

A

Plato’s theory that knowledge is equivalent to a justified belief that is true.

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44
Q

Knowledge by Acquaintance

A

occurs when the subject has an immediate, first-hand awareness of some propositional truth.

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45
Q

Knowledge by Acquaintance

A

occurs when the subject has an immediate, first-hand awareness of some propositional truth.

46
Q

Knowledge Community

A

the groups of people with common interests and shared
knowledge.

47
Q

Knowledge Tribe

A

a group we identify most strongly with within knowledge communities.

48
Q

Knowledge Tribe

A

a group we identify most strongly with within knowledge communities.

49
Q

Labelling Theory

A

Becker’s theory that deviance is a consequence of external judgments that modify the individual’s self-concept and change the way others respond to the labelled person.

50
Q

Law of Nature

A

a regularly occurring or apparently inevitable phenomenon observable in the world.

51
Q

Local Doubt

A

the view that one cannot possess knowledge in a particular domain at a particular point in time if you rely solely on your senses.

52
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons.

53
Q

Metaethics

A

the study of the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgment.

54
Q

Memory Theory of Identity

A

Locke’s theory that an individual’s identity only exists as
much as what they are able to remember.

55
Q

Misinformation

A

unintentionally false or incorrect information.

56
Q

Moksha

A

the Hindu and Jainist belief in a transcendent state attained as a result of being released from the cycle of rebirth.

57
Q

Monism

A

proposes that everything we perceive are the different manifestations of a single absolute entity, and every phenomenon experienced by us can be explained in terms of this universally common entity.

58
Q

Moral Absolutism

A

the position that there are universal ethical standards that apply to
actions regardless of context.

59
Q

Moral Relativism

A

the belief that what might be true or right for one person or group need not be true for another person or group; all truths are of equal value and our knowledge or truth is a matter of point-of-view.

60
Q

Narrative View of Personal Identity

A

the theory that individuals form personal identities through combining their life experiences into a narrative that they continue throughout their life and thus creating a sense of purpose and self-continuity.

61
Q

Nirvana

A

the Buddhist belief in a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth.

62
Q

Noble Lie

A

a “justifiably good” lie that is told as a way of maintaining social peace, benefitting society, etc.

63
Q

Noumena

A

Kant’s metaphysical theory of “a thing as it is in itself”, as distinct from a thing as it is knowable by the senses (phenomena).

64
Q

Objective

A

a detached view that focuses on facts in a way largely independent of the knower’s personal perspective, and that expects to be corroborated by a knowledge community.

65
Q

Objectivity Illusion

A

the tendency of people to see themselves as more impartial, more insightful, and less biased than others.

66
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

explanations of unknown phenomena are sought first in terms of known – as opposed to unknown – quantities; the simplest explanation with the fewest parts is probably correct.

67
Q

Optical Illusion

A

a misleading image that is often perceived in a manner differing from the original intent/reality.

68
Q

Overview Effect

A

a change in awareness when relative experiences are compared, as experienced by astronauts seeing Earth from space.

69
Q

Paradigm

A

the set of rules and conditions in our brain that a person uses to interpret and understand sensory experience; a way of thinking.

70
Q

Paradigm Shift

A

a major change in the worldview, concepts, and practices of how something works or is perceived.

71
Q

Perception

A

the process by which we select and organise sensory data to recognize
meaningful objects and events.

72
Q

Perception

A

the process by which we select and organise sensory data to recognize
meaningful objects and events.

73
Q

Personal Identity Knowledge Cycle

A

the effect in which our knowledge grows and identity develops as our experiences broaden

74
Q

Personal Knowledge

A

the knowledge we have through our own experiences and personal involvement.

75
Q

Perspective/Worldview

A

the vantage point from which we observe our reality.

76
Q

Phaneron

A

the real world filtered by our sensory input.

77
Q

Phenomena

A

Kant’s theory of an observable event; “the thing appearing to view” as opposed to noumena.

78
Q

Potemkin’s Village

A

in its original meaning, any of a number of fake villages designed to impress the Russian empress Catherine the Great. The term has also come to be used to describe an elaborate facade designed to hide an undesirable reality.

79
Q

Practical Knowledge

A

knowing how to do something; procedural knowledge.

80
Q

Practical/Material Tools

A

devices used to complement or enhance our cognition.

81
Q

Pragmatic Theory of Truth

A

we assess the validity of a ‘truth’ depending on how useful it is to believe.

82
Q

Probability Theory

A

the extent to which an event is likely to occur.

83
Q

Propaganda

A

the deliberate manipulation of information in order to influence what people
think, usually for political purposes.

84
Q

Rationalism

A

a school of thought that relies on deduction and logic rather than sensory experience to determine truth. In other words, the belief that the rational mind is the best way to know something. If you are a rationalist, you believe that your mind is more trustworthy than your senses.

85
Q

Real-life Situations (RLS)

A

or incidents from reality, which serve as starting points for our investigations into ourselves as knowers and into the areas of knowledge, and are used to explain and justify our knowledge claims and counterclaims.

86
Q

Realism

A

the view that most of the objects that populate the world exist independently of our thought and have their natures independently of how, if at all, we conceive of them through our cognitive bias.

87
Q

Realism

A

the view that most of the objects that populate the world exist independently of our thought and have their natures independently of how, if at all, we conceive of them through our cognitive bias.

88
Q

Relativity

A

recognizing that knowledge claims are dependent on contextual factors or
frames of reference.

89
Q

Retribution

A

Punishment inflicted in response to an action

90
Q

Samsara

A

the Hindu belief in a continuous cycle in which the soul is reborn over and over again according to the law of action and reaction. At death many Hindus believe the soul is carried by a subtle body into a new physical body which can be a human or non-human form (an animal or divine being).

91
Q

Scientific Method

A

the process by which relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested.

92
Q

Selective Attention

A

the process of directing our awareness to relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment.

93
Q

Self-licking Ice Cream Cone

A

a self-perpetuating system that has no purpose other than to sustain itself; a positive feedback loop based on a lie.

94
Q

Sensation

A

the process by which our sensory apparatus (receptors and nervous system) capture stimuli (or stimulus energies) from the environment.

95
Q

Sentient Being

A

beings with consciousness, sentience, or in some contexts life itself. In Buddhism, sentient beings are composed of the five aggregates, or skandhas: matter, sensation, perception, mental formations and consciousness.

96
Q

Simulacra

A

Baudrillard’s concept of copies that depict things that either had no original, or that no longer have an original.

97
Q

Simulation

A

Baudrillard’s concept that the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time; this idea claims that our current society has replaced all reality and meaning with symbols and signs, and that human experience is a simulation of reality

98
Q

Simulation Hypothesis

A

proposes that all of existence might be a simulated reality, such as a computer simulation that convinces its inhabitants that the simulation is “real.”

99
Q

Skeptic

A

an ancient or modern philosopher who denies the possibility of knowledge, or even rational belief, in some sphere.

100
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

our identity is defined by the groups, knowledge communities, and knowledge tribes we belong to, so we may be perceived differently according to our membership in these groups, which in turn shapes our sense of self.

101
Q

Solipsism

A

an epistemological position that claims knowledge of anything outside one’s own mind is unsure; the external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist outside the mind.

102
Q

Subjective

A

a personal view influenced by the knower’s feelings, opinions, or emotions.

103
Q

Syllogism

A

a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion (e.g., all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs).

104
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

John Locke’s theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content, and therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception.

105
Q

The Indiscernibility of Identicals

A

the principle that states that there cannot be separate objects or entities that have all their properties in common; whatever is true of a thing is true of anything identical with that thing.

106
Q

Theory of Forms

A

Plato’s assertion that the physical realm is only a shadow, or image, of the true reality of the Realm of Forms. The Forms are abstract, perfect, unchanging concepts or ideals that transcend time and space.

107
Q

Theory of Psychological Connectedness

A

the idea that despite changes across time, our identity endures through our relationship with ideas and events from our past.

108
Q

Theseus’s Ship Paradox

A

a thought experiment that raises the question of whether an object that has had all of its components replaced remains fundamentally the same object.

109
Q

Transient Identity

A

the notion that our identity is impermanent and thus changes over
time.

110
Q

Tribalism

A

the behaviours and attitudes that arise out of loyalty to a social group

Theory Of Knowledge (1 decks)

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