Knowledge Flashcards
deaf
Any person who has a hearing loss severe enough to hinder communication through the use of speech and hearing
Deaf
Denotes cultural and linguistic elements pertinent to the Deaf Community (hearing loss, Deaf Community, use of ASL)
Hard of Hearing
A term used to refer to individuals who have some degree of hearing loss, but are still able to speak and understand English through oral/aural means (may also involve the use of assistive listening devices)
Hearing
A term used within the Deaf community to refer to non-Deaf people who are basically misinformed or uninformed about the Deaf experience.
Hearing Impaired
A term used within the majority culture to refer to all individuals with a loss of hearing, regardless of the degree of loss or manner in which the individual has been encultured. This term is deemed politically correct within the majority culture, but is offensive to many members of the Deaf Culture.
Initiator(source)
The person who expresses something by speech or sign.
Target
The individual or group who receives the message.
Interpreter
The individual who perceives the message, briefly stores it in memory, selects an appropriate way of expressing it in a second language or another form of communication, then expresses it.
Paralinguistics
The way words or signs are delivered
Noise
Any signal that interferes with the transmission of the message (may consist of misleading gestures and facial expressions or misconstrued aspects of the original message)
Code Switching 3
1.The conscious or unconscious movement from ASL into English-like signing or from English-like signing to ASL
Done to prevent non-deaf people from mastering ASL
Has roots in the history of Deaf people as an oppressed minority
2.May be based on the need for expediency of communication
3.Alternating between on language and another (changing from ASL to English signing or speaking)
This is a convenient linguistic device for incorporating English idioms into ASL-dominant conversation and for providing the exact wording of an English phrase
Lexical Borrowing 2
- Taking words from one language and using them in another language
- Knowledge of lexical borrowings enhances interpreters’ ability to define their own styles as well as to communicate more effectively in signs
Processing time/lag time
The interval between an interpreter perceiving a message and conveying it
Content
The subject matter being addressed; that which is communicated as the meaning or substance of the message; refers to facts, ideas, and information expressed
Context
The circumstances surrounding an act or event. The setting in which a specific discourse occurs, which helps inform or explain what is meant by what is being said.
Function
The specific purpose for which something is stated. The general purpose behind the words of a message, what the speakers intend to accomplish
Setting
The particular occasion in which interpreting takes place (college course, lecture, graduation, doctor’s office, etc)
Interpretation 4
- The end product that results from a complex cognitive process in which a speaker/signer’s intent, originally expressed in one naturally developed language, is accurately conveyed in another naturally developed language. With respect to Sign Language interpretation, this task refers to changing English messages into the native language of Deaf People, ASL, or vise versa
- The process of changing a message produced in one language immediately into another
- This is a live and immediate transmission (real time)
- Conveys all essential elements of meaning and maintains dynamic equivalence
Transliteration 10
- The process of changing an English text into a manually coded system of English or vise versa. This task is applied when the consumers of the service ( both Deaf and non-deaf) are English users. When rendering the message into a manually-coded form of English, the transliterator typically mouths all English words in an effort to provide sign-supported English
- Transcription of a written text from a non-Roman print or script form to Roman letters (written)
- The process of changing an English text into Manually Coded English (or vice versa)
- Using the same language but a different mode of communication
- Giving a visually accessible form of English
- Matching a sign to every spoken word, or vice versa
- Target remains true and accurate with regard to the source text
- Conveys messages using sequences of signs arranged according to English syntax
- Is difficult because of the need to sign it
- Interpreters depend on their ability to incorporate ASL features in English word order
Translation 2
- Changing messages from one language to another (changing one written language to another)
- Frozen to Frozen or written to written
Source Language
The language from which one interprets
Target Language
The language into which the interpretation is made
A Language
One’s first language or mother tongue
B Language (2)
- Another active language which the interpreter commands
2. Interpreter can interpret this accurately
C Language (2)
- Passive Languages the interpreter uses
- The interpreter can understand these languages well enough to interpret from them, but not well enough to interpret into them
An interpreter may have an ___ as their source languages but only _ and _ can be their target languages
a,b,c
a,b
Gloss
Gives a literal rendering of each element from the source language in order into the target language
Miscue
A deviation that surfaces when the meaning of an interpretation is compared with the meaning of the original text on which the interpretation is based
Simultaneous Interpreting (2)
- An interpretation that is delivered nearly instantaneously after the original message
- This process should be integral (each though will be represented in full form as given by the original message)
Consecutive Interpreting
Involves the interpreter’s ability to repeat the message in the target language following the original speaker’s presentation
Liaison Interpreting
Situations in which the interpreter may have little or no special preparation and accompanies an individual or group in one or more meetings, tours, and activities
Relay Interpreting
One interpreter must rely on another interpreter’s output to serve as input for his or her interpretation
Client (2)
- Hiring Party
2. One who seeks assistance from an organization which provides interpreters as part of its usual business
Consumer (2)
- Audience
2. This person has no implied relationship to the hiring procedure but simply is on the receiving end of interpretation
Reciprocity of
perspectives (3)
- An assumption, commonly held by members of one culture when considering another cultural group
- members of the first group assume that the experiences and values of another group are identical to their own
- Based on failure to appreciate the differences between each culture’s world view and the uniqueness of the experiences and values of members within each group
Ethnocentric
An attitude that one’s own race or culture is superior to all others
Disglossia
The use of two languages or of two varieties of the same language in a community in which one has a higher status than the other
Audism(2)
- Judges, labels, and limits individuals on the basis of inability to hear
- Results in negative stigma toward individuals who do not hear auditory stimuli
Linguistic Expansion
Interpreting implicit information or ideas, as well as the explicit information and ideas if it is needed to guarantee full communication
Cultural Expansion
Providing the contextual information needed to make sense out of something that is signed or said to someone with a different schema or experiential base
Cultural or Linguistic Reduction
Reducing the volume and sometimes the detail of information without affecting the meaning intended
Expansions or reductions are used because of ,, or _
Linguistic need, cultural need, or differences in experiential frame.
