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1
Q

pressure law

A

p/T constant at V constant

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2
Q

Charle’s law

A

v/T constant at p constant

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3
Q

Boyle’s law

A

pV constant at T constant

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4
Q

real gas approximates to ideal gas at

A

low pressure and high temperature (also low density)

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5
Q

ideal gas assumptions

A

no intermolecular forces, elastic collisions between the molecules, molecules are treaded as points, there is no time spent in the collisions, molecules are monoatomic

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6
Q

electromagnetic spectrum from lowest frequency to the highest

A

radio waves, microwaves, infra-red waves, visible light, UV, X-rays, gamma rays

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7
Q

wavelengths of visible light

A

400- 750 nm

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8
Q

frequencies of visible light

A

400-800* 10^12 Hz

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9
Q

total internal reflection

A

there is no refraction, only reflection

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10
Q

standing waves

A

interference of two waves traveling in the opposite directions with the same amplitudes and same frequencies,

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11
Q

intensity of standing wave

A

maximum-antinode, minimum-node

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12
Q

potential divider

A

used to produce variable power supply

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13
Q

sensors

A

more light/temperature- lower potential difference across the sensors

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14
Q

primary cell

A

non-rechargeable (alkaline batteries)

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15
Q

secondary cell

A

rechargeable (lid-acid car battery)

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16
Q

alpha radiation

A

low penetrability, paper to absorb it

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17
Q

beta radiation

A

medium penetrability, a few mm of aluminum to absorb it

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18
Q

gamma radiation

A

high penetrability, 10 cm of lead to absorb it

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19
Q

Rutherford scattering

A

evidence of existence of a nucleus

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20
Q

emission and absorption spectra

A

evidence of electron energy levels

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21
Q

structure of matter

A

hadrons, leptons, exchange particles

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22
Q

hadrons

A

baryons- 3 quarks, mesons- 1 quark and 1 antiquark

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23
Q

quark confinement

A

isolated quarks and gluons cannot exist

24
Q

function of moderator

A

slows down neutrons to increase the probability of them interacting in further reactions

25
Q

function of control rods

A

control the chain reaction by absorbing neutrons

26
Q

function of heat exchanger

A

allows nuclear reaction to be sealed off from the rest of the environment

27
Q

thermal energy transfers

A

conduction, convection, radiation, (evaporation)

28
Q

Wien’s law

A

The higher the temperature of the body, the lower the maximum wavelength and higher the intensity of emitted light.

29
Q

greenhouse gases

A

methane, water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide

30
Q

SHM spring assumptions

A

friction is negligible, mass of the spring is negligible compared to mass of the load, g is constant

31
Q

SHM pendulum assumptions

A

air fricition is negligible, mass of the string is negligible compared to mass of the load, maximum angle of swing is smaller than 5 degrees

32
Q

adding more slits to multiple slit diffraction causes

A

more intense primary maxima, narrower primary maxima, secondary maxima less significant

33
Q

thin-film interference

A

v1>v2- reflection out of phase (+π), transmitted in phase

34
Q

red shift

A

source moving away from the observer, decreased frequency

35
Q

blue shift

A

source moving towards the observer, increased frequency

36
Q

charge on a hollow conducting sphere

A

charge uniformly distributed on the outside of the sphere, no charge on the inside of the sphere, hence zero electric field inside, and constant electric potential

37
Q

gravitational field inside the hollow object

A

zero, as per Newton’s shell theorem, constant gravitational potential

38
Q

step-up transformer

A

increases voltage and decreases current, good for transmission of electric power to avoid large losses of power

39
Q

step-down transformer

A

decreases voltage and increases current, protection of end-users, high voltage is dangerous

40
Q

losses in the transformer

A

resistance of the winding (heat), eddy currents in the core, flux losses (flux not going through the secondary coil)

41
Q

increasing efficiency of a transformer

A

core with high permeability, laminating core

42
Q

rectification of AC to DC

A

single diode- half rectification

diode bridge- full-wave rectification

43
Q

smoothened rectification

A

capacitor (current still fluctuates but less-output ripple, time constant of the capacitor must be large enough)

44
Q

influence of light over photoelectric effect

A

number of electrons emitted depends on the intensity of light (number of photons), energy of electrons depends on the frequency of the light

45
Q

Davisson and Geimer experiment

A

electron diffraction, evidence of their wave-like properties

46
Q

hydrogen emission spectrum

A 
Lyman series (n=1)- UV
Balmer series (n=2)- visible light
Paschen series (n=3)- IR
47
Q

Bohr atom model assumptions

A

quantised angular momentum, quantised energy

48
Q

Schrodinger model of atom

A

describes positions of electrons by probability density functions

49
Q

estimates from Heisenberg uncertainty principle

A

energy of electron in an atom, impossibility of electron to exist within a nucleus of atom, lifetime of an electron in an excited state

50
Q

white light incident on diffraction grating

A

white center of diffraction pattern, closeness of colours to centre by decreasing vawelength (lowest wavelength is closest), greater the order the wider the pattern, gaps between first-order and second-order spectra

51
Q

gravitational potential due to multiple objects

A

sum of potentials due to each obejct

52
Q

pair production condition

A

photon with large enough energy must interact with nucleus (nucleus conserves momentum)

53
Q

electron’s path in a non-parallel electric field

A

parabolic path

54
Q

total energy of orbiting satellite

A

negative

55
Q

reasons for establishment of the standard model

A

incorporates strong and weak nuclear forces between nucleons, explains decay of neutron to proton, incorporates conservation rules

56
Q

measuring half-life

A

Geiger counter

IB physics (2 decks)

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