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1
Q

When a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon backbone (or carbon chain) it produces a(n) _____.

A

Alcohol

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2
Q

Are hydroxyl groups polar?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Alcohols contain what (—?) group?

A

Hydroxyl, OH

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4
Q

In alcohol, the hydroxyl functional group (—OH) replaces a _____ atom in a hydrocarbon.

A

Hydrogen

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5
Q

In a phenol, the hydroxyl group replaces a _____ atom attached to a benzene ring.

A

Hydrogen

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6
Q

Phenols contain what (—?) group bonded to a benzane ring?

A

Hydroxyl, OH

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7
Q

A thiol contains a _____ atom, or a (—?) group.

A

Sulfur, SH

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8
Q

Alcohols with one or two carbon atoms do/ do not require a number for the hydroxyl group.

A

Do not

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9
Q

An ether contains a ___-___-___ group.

A

C-O-C

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10
Q

What functional group is found in cheese, garlic, and onions?

A

Thiols

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11
Q

Alcohols with _____ carbon atoms are soluble in water.

A

1-3

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12
Q

Phenols are _____ soluble in water.

A

Slightly

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13
Q

During dehydration, alcohols undergo loss of —? And —? from adjacent _____ atoms from the same alcohol to produce a _____ molecule.

A

—H, —OH, carbon, water

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14
Q

Dehydration of a _____ alcohol can result in formation of minor and major product.

A

Secondary

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15
Q

Oxidation rxns increase number of C and O _____ by (+/-) of O or (+/-) of H

A

Bonds, addition, loss of

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16
Q

Reduction reactions reduce # of _____ between C and _____ atoms.

A

Bonds, O

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17
Q

Primary alcohols are oxidized to produce an _____, which can further oxidize to produce a _____ acid.

A

Aldehyde, carbolic

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18
Q

Secondary alcohols are oxidized to produce a _____.

A

Ketone

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19
Q

What product forms when a tertiary alcohol is oxidized?

A

No product formed; they don’t readily oxidize

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20
Q

When thiols are oxidized the product is _____.

A

Disulfide

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21
Q

Methanol is oxidized to _____ and then to _____ acid.

A

Formaldehyde, formic

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22
Q

First four substituents of Alkyl groups with and without branches:

A

Methyl, propyl, (isopropyl w/ branch), ethyl, butyl (isobutyl w/ branch)

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23
Q

Amino group looks like:

A

NH2

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24
Q

Toluene group looks like:

A

CH3

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25
Q

Rule for addition reactions of alkenes:

A

When HX adds to the C=C double bond of an asymmetrical alkene, hydrogen adds preferentially to the carbon atom that already has more hydrogens.

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26
Q

In an addition rxn of water to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen adds to the carbon in the double bond that has the (lesser/greater) number of (hydrogen/carbon) atoms attached.

A

Greater, hydrogen

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27
Q

A hydrocarbon is:

A

Organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon

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28
Q

A saturated hydrocarbon is:

A

A hydrocarbon in which the carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms by a single bond

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29
Q

An unsaturated hydrocarbon is:

A

A hydrocarbon in which multiple bonds (double, triple) are present.

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30
Q

Alkanes have how many bonds?

A

One

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31
Q

Alkenes have how many bonds?

A

Two

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32
Q

Alkynes have how many bonds?

A

Three

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33
Q

Aromatic compounds are hydrocarbons containing a _____ _____ that have double bonds that are able to alternate positions.

A

Benzene ring

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34
Q

_____ found in essential oils of plants produce the odor or flavor of the plant.

A

Phenols

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35
Q

_____ contain sulfur.

A

Thiols

36
Q

What does an alkyl group look like?

A

Any carbon and hydrogen bonded substituent

37
Q

Alcohols undergo _____ when heated with an acid catalyst

A

Dehydration

38
Q

Oxidation occurs when there is an increase in the number of _____-_____ bonds.

A

Carbon-Oxygen

39
Q

Major products are formed by:

A

Removing hydrogen from the carbon atom that has the least amount of hydrogens.

40
Q

Organic compounds contain what two atoms?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

41
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula and a different arrangement of atoms.

42
Q

Alkanes with 1-4 carbons are _____ at room temperature.

A

Gaseous

43
Q

Alkanes with 5-8 carbons are _____ at room temperature and are useful as _____.

A

Highly volatile liquids, fuels

44
Q

Alkanes with 9-17 carbon atoms are liquids with _____ boiling points and are found in:

A

Higher, motor oils/mineral oils/kerosene/diesel/jet fuels

45
Q

Alkanes with 18+ carbon atoms are known as _____ and are _____ at room temp.

A

Paraffins, waxy solids

46
Q

Cis vs trans

A

Cis is the same side, trans is opposite sides

47
Q

The double or triple bonds in alkenes and alkynes are very _____.

A

Reactive

48
Q

Hydration reactions are catalyzed by strong _____.

A

Acids

49
Q

Benzene is an _____ compound with a ring of ___ carbon atoms bonded to one ___ atom.

A

Aromatic, 6, 1

50
Q

Benzene rings each consist of ___ double bonds.

A

3

51
Q

The simplest ketone is _____, and the simplest aldehyde is _____.

A

Acetone, formaldehyde

52
Q

A carbonyl group is:

A

C=O

53
Q

Carbonyl groups exist in aldehydes attached to at least one ___ atom directly.

A

H

54
Q

Acetaldehyde also known as:

A

Ethanal

55
Q

Propionaldehyde also known as:

A

Propanal

56
Q

Butyraldehyde also known as:

A

Butanl

57
Q

3 carbon ketone is called a (IUPAC):

A

Propanone

58
Q

4 carbon ketone called (IUPAC):

A

Butanone

59
Q

5 carbon ketone called (IUPAC):

A

Pentanone

60
Q

Aldehydes and ketones are very soluble in water with ___ or fewer carbon atoms and not soluble with larger carbon chains.

A

4

61
Q

Aldehydes and ketones containing 1-2 carbon atoms are _____ at room temp.

A

Gaseous

62
Q

Aldehydes and ketones containing 3-10 carbon atoms are _____ at room temp.

A

Liquid

63
Q

Aldehydes and ketones have _____ interactions between polar groups.

A

Dipole dipole

64
Q

Aldehydes and ketones have _____ boiling points of alkanes and ethers of similar mass, and _____ boiling points than alcohols of similar mass.

A

Higher, lower

65
Q

Boiling point increases as number of ___ atoms and _____ forced increase.

A

Carbon, dispersion

66
Q

Ketones (do/don’t) undergo oxidation reactions.

A

Don’t

67
Q

Ketones reduce to _____ alcohols.

A

Secondary

68
Q

Aldehydes reduce to:

A

Primary alcohols

69
Q

Addition reaction: when an alcohol adds to an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of an acid catalyst it produces _____.

A

A hemiacetal

70
Q

A hemiacetal contains two _____ groups on the same atom and _____ and _____ group.

A

Functional, hydroxyl, alkoxy (-OR)

71
Q

Acetals contain two _____ groups on the same carbon atom.

A

Alkoxy (-OR)

72
Q

(Aldehydes/ketones)

_____ are often more reactive than _____.

A

Aldehydes, ketones

73
Q

Glucose forms a ___ carbon cyclic hemiacetal when the hydroxyl group on carbon 5 bonds with the carbonyl group on carbon ___.

A

5,1

74
Q

Alcohol added to a cyclic hemiacetal forms a:

A

Cyclic acetal

75
Q

What is maltose?

A

I disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules that are held together by an acetal bond.

76
Q

When naming alkenes and alkynes start at the _____ but do not name them because it is _____. This occurs even if the alkyl or halogen substituent appears sooner, but _____ group always takes priority.

A

Double or triple, implied, hydroxyl

77
Q

Substituents are listed in alphabetical order, including the (only) prefix _____, followed by the _____ at the end.

A

ISO, suffix

78
Q

Haloalkanes end in the suffix ___.

A

Odo

79
Q

Ethers are often called by their _____ name which has the suffix _____.

A

Common, ether

80
Q

Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary by:

A

The number of alkyl groups or carbons attaches to the carbon that is bonded to a hydroxyl group.

81
Q

What is the method of preparing carboxylic acids from alcohols or aldehydes?

A

Oxidation

82
Q

The reactants that will form an water in the presence of an acid catalyst are:

A

Carboxylic acid and alcohol

83
Q

What is the product of the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid when reacted together under acidic conditions?

A

An ester

84
Q

What are the products when an water undergoes acid hydrolysis?

A

Carboxylic acid and an alcohol

85
Q

Esters end in:

A

Ate

86
Q

What molecule is an ester?

A

O-C=O

Organic Chem (2 decks)

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