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A&P final > Know the characteristics of muscle > Flashcards

Know the characteristics of muscle Flashcards

Muscle (fiber) cells are elongated Contraction is due to the movement of myofilaments Prefix: myo: muscle mys: muscle sarco: flesh

1
Q

Know the characteristics of muscle

A 
Muscle (fiber) cells are elongated
Contraction is due to the movement of myofilaments
Prefix: 	
myo: muscle
mys: muscle
sarco: flesh
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2
Q

List and describe the functions of the muscular system

A

Produce movement
Maintain posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat

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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A 
Only in the heart
Involuntary
Joined to other cells at intercalated discs
Has striations
Usually has 1 nucleus
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4
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A 
Voluntary
Multinucleated
Striations
Attached to bone by tendons
Cells are bundled and surrounded by connective tissue
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5
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Has no striations
Involuntary
Spindle-shaped
Single nucleus

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6
Q

the functions and the sequence of the connective tissue coverings of a muscle

A

Endomysium- innermost layer of connective tissue (muscle fiber)
Perimysium- middle layer of connective tissue (fascicle)
Epimysium- outermost layer of connective tissue (muscle)

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7
Q

where the nuclei and mitochondria are found in muscle cells

A

Nuclei- muscle fiber, just beneath sarcolemma

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8
Q

what causes the regular striations in muscle tissue

A

Action potential arrives at axon branches of a motor neuron
Synaptic vesicles containing Ach fuse with the neuron membrane
Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
Ach binds to receptors on the cells motor end plate
Bound receptor creates action potential in muscle cells
Mitochondria make neurotransmitters and provide ATP

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9
Q

Describe the ions that move into and out of muscle fibers and create the action potential necessary for contraction to occur

A

ATP- (ADP+energy) Attaches and energizes the myosin head
Calcium- (attaches to actin) Active site on the actin is exposed due to the binding of Ca2+
Power stroke: myosin head pivots, pulling actin towards the m line (ADP+P are released)
Detachment: As new ATP attaches to myosin head, the cross bridge detaches
Myosin resets(return stroke): ATP->ADP released energy recocks the myosin to prepare for the next stroke

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10
Q

Compare and contrast the structures and regions found in relaxed muscle fiber with those of a contracted muscle fiber

A 
Z-disc: Stays the same length, moves closer together
H-zone: Disappears
Sarcomere: Shortens
Myosin: Stays the same length
Actin: Stays the same length
I-band: Smaller
A-band: Stays the same
Muscle: Shortens
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11
Q

Sequence the structures of a muscle from superficial to deep

A 
Epimysium
Muscle
Perimysium
Fascicle
Endomysium
Muscle fiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
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12
Q

structures of thin myofilaments

A

Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Molecules strung together like beads to form 2 fibrous strands that wrap around each other

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13
Q

structures of thick myofilaments

A

Myosin
Shape like golf clubs, with their long shafts bundled together to form a thick filament and their “heads” sticking out from the bundle

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14
Q

Events of NMJ

A

Action potential arrives at axon branches of a motor neuron
Synaptic vesicles containing Ach fuse with the neuron membrane
Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
Ach binds to receptors on the cells motor end plate
Bound receptor creates action potential in muscle cells
Mitochondria make neurotransmitters and provide ATP

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15
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain & spinal cord
Process and interprets sensory input and decides action is needed
Interneurons (association neurons)

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16
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Comprised of all nerves outside brain & spinal cord

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17
Q

Sensory (afferent) Division

A

Send impulses from senses to the CNS

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18
Q

Motor (Efferent) Division

A

sends impulse from CNS to muscle/glands

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19
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

“Fight or flight”

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20
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary control

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21
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

voluntary control

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22
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

“Rest and Digest”

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23
Q

Sequence the connective tissue sheaths of a nerve from superficial to deep

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

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24
Q

Unipolar:

A

Unipolar: Exclusively sensory neurons, only 1 protoplasmic process extends from the cell body

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25
Q

Bipolar:

A

Bipolar: Have 2 processes that extend from each end of the cell body, one is axon the other is a dendrite, Special senses like smell, sight…

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26
Q

Multipolar:

A

Multipolar: Have one axon and two or more dendrites, almost all neurons in the CNS and motor neurons are multipolar

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27
Q

Dendrite

A

Receive impulses from other neurons or from the senses, impulse travels toward the cell body

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28
Q

Neurilemma

A

Protects axon and the nerves, as well as allows regeneration from injury

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29
Q

Axon

A

Carries info away from the cell body

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30
Q

Schwann cell

A

Provide myelin insulation to neurons in PNS

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31
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow the impulse to travel quickly

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32
Q

Axonal terminal

A

specialized to release the neurotransmitters of the presynaptic cell

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33
Q

Cell body

A

Nucleus & organelles

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34
Q

Nissl substance

A

Specialized RER

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35
Q

purpose of myelin and its function

A

Purpose: speeds up the conduction of an impulse
Function: an insulating layer of fat produced by Schwann Cells (PNS)

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36
Q

Ependymal cells

A

circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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37
Q

Schwann cells-

A

provide myelin insulation to neurons in the PNS

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38
Q

Microglia * Immune response *

A

spider-like phagocytes

dispose of debris

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39
Q

Oligodendrocytes-

A

provide myelin insulation to neurons in the CNS

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40
Q

Astrocytes

A

Supports and anchor neurons to surrounding capillaries

Controls the chemical environment

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41
Q

type of ions that are involved in the formation of an action potential

A

Na+

K+

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42
Q

which direction the ions move in the creation of an action potential

A

Resting State
Impulse arrives and threshold is met

Depolarization
Voltage gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the cell

Repolarization
Voltage gated K+ channels open and K+ leaves the cell, Na+ channels begin to rest

(Returning to) resting state
Na+/K+ pump restores original ion levels within a cell ~ATP~

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43
Q

4 events that take place during the conduction of a nerve impulse

A

Resting State
Voltage activated Na+ and K+ channels are closed

Depolarization
Voltage activated Na+ channels are open and there is a rapid influx of Na+ ions
The interior of neuron become positive relative to the outside

Repolarization
Voltage activated Na+ channels close and the K+ channels open
K+ moves out of cell, restoring the negative charge to the cell interior

(Returning to) resting state
Voltage activated Na+ and K+ channels close to return the neuron to the resting state

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44
Q

Name the parts of the brain system

A

Sensory Input
Integration
Motor Output

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45
Q

Synapse

A

The traveling of impulses

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46
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated folds

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47
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves

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48
Q

Fissures

A

Deeper sulci

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49
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

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50
Q

Efferent neuron

A

Motor neurons that carry away info from the CNS

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51
Q

Afferent neuron-

A

Sensory neurons that carry impulses to the CNS

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52
Q

Association neuron

A

Neurons that carry info from Efferent to Afferent neurons

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53
Q

Midbrain

A

Eye movements, processes visual and auditory data, Consciousness

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54
Q

Pons

A

Message station, Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

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55
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Involuntary functions (Digestive, Heart, Breathing stuff), relays info from spine to the thalamus

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56
Q

Thalamus

A

main relay center for all sensory messages that enter the brain, before they are transmitted to the cerebrum

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57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls ANS system
Links nervous and endocrine system
Regulates thirst, body temp, and sleep

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58
Q

function of the Broca’s area of the cerebrum

A

The motor speech area… speech production

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59
Q

What area of the brain does the central sulcus separate

A

The central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex

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60
Q

SNS

A 
“Fight or flight”
Responds to unusual stimuli
Increase activities
“E” division
Exercise, excitement, embarrassment, and emergency
Involuntary
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61
Q

PNS

A 
“Rest and digest”
Housekeeping
Conserves energy
Maintains daily necessary body function
“D” division
Digestion, detecation, and diuresis
Involuntary
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62
Q

meningeal layers from superficial to deep

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater

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63
Q

Name the substances that can cross the blood brain barrier

A 
Water
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Hormones
Small lipid soluble substances
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64
Q

List the elements of a typical reflex arc

* Stimuli *

A 
Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Integration Center
Motor Neuron
Effector
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65
Q

spinal nerves from superior to inferior

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbra
Sacral

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66
Q

CVA

A

“Stroke” Blood flow to the brain is stopped due to a blockage or a ruptured blood vessel

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67
Q

Concussion

A

Caused by a blow to the head, or whiplash. Bruising of the brain

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68
Q

Contusion

A

a bruise, capillaries are damaged by trauma, causing a localized internal bleeding that extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues.

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69
Q

Cerebral edema

A

a swelling in the brain caused by the presence of excessive fluid.

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70
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Brain cell connections and the cells themselves degenerate and die, eventually destroying memory and other important mental functions.

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71
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Respond to light touch

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72
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Detect vibration and pressure

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73
Q

Naked nerve endings

A

Bring info from the body to the brain, detect pain

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74
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Allows reflexes, senses tension. Does not let muscle create force if too much tension is exhibited.

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75
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Detects length change in muscles, makes sure the muscles don’t overextend

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76
Q

functions and physical characteristics of blood

A

Sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste
Oxygen rich = scarlet red
Oxygen poor = dark (dull) red
Distributing substances, regulating bld levels of particular substances and protecting the body

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77
Q

type of tissue that characterizes blood

A

Connective Tissue

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78
Q

what is a normal life span for RBC’s and thrombocytes

A

100-120 days

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79
Q

List the layers of centrifuged blood

A

Plasma (55%)
Platelets (<1%)
RBCs (45%)

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80
Q

Identify the characteristics of plasma

A

90% H20
10% salts, waste, nutrients, dissol
ved gases, hormones, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc.

Proteins (3)
Albumins- regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins- fibrinogen
Globulins- antibodies

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81
Q

function of hemoglobin

A

to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and then transport carbon dioxide out of the tissue back to the lungs

Iron containing protein

4 binding sites for O2

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82
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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83
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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84
Q

Neutrophil-

A

Engulf and destroy foreign invaders

Increase during infection

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85
Q

Eosinophil-

A

2 lobed nuclei
Kill parasitic worms ingested in food
Lessens allergic reactions

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86
Q

Basophil

A

Release histamine, which dilate blood vessels so other leukocytes can rush to an infection/allergen

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87
Q

Lymphocytes

A

initiating an immune response when a foreign invader enters the body
Large, spherical nucleus
Mostly in lymph cells
Categorized as T-cells or B-cells

88
Q

Monocytes-

A

Nucleus is kidney-shaped
Leave the blood and become macrophages
^^ attacks viruses, parasites, and bacteria

89
Q

cells are produced through the hematopoiesis

A

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

90
Q

steps of hemostasis

A

Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug Formation
Coagulation

91
Q

Vascular Spasm

A

Triggers: direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemicals released by endothelial cell and platelets, & reflexes initiated by local pain receptors

92
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A

Collagen fibers are exposed by break, platelets cling to the fibers and become “sticky” and release a chemical that attracts more platelets

93
Q

Coagulation

A

Injured tissues release thromboplastin
PF3 (platelet factor 3) interact with thromboplastin, bld clotting factors, & Ca2+ to trigger a clotting cascade

Prothrombin activator…prothrombin → thrombin

Thrombin joins fibrinogen protein into hair-like fibrin

94
Q

Formed elements:

A

Cellular portion of bld

95
Q

Plasma:

A

The nonliving fluid component of bld within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulated

96
Q

Erythrocytes:

A

RBC

97
Q

Leukocytes:

A

WBC; formed elements involved in body protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses

98
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragment found in bld; involved in clotting

99
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage of total bld volume occupied by erythrocytes

100
Q

Thrombocytopenia:

A

A reduction in the number of platelets circulating in the bld

101
Q

Hemoglobin:

A

Oxygen transporting protein of eythrocytes

102
Q

Hematopoiesis:

A

Bld cell formation; Hemopoiesis

103
Q

Erythropoiesis:

A

Process of erythrocyte formation

104
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone that stimulates production of RBC

105
Q

Anemia

A

reduced oxygen-carrying ability of bld resulting from too few erythrocytes or abnormal hemoglobin

106
Q

Antigen

A

A substance or part of a substance (living or nonliving) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system, activates the immune system, and reacts with immune cells or their products

107
Q

Antibody:

A

A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell (a daughter cell of an activated B lymphocyte) and that binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin

108
Q

Diapedesis:

A

Passage of WBCs through intact vessel walls into tissue

109
Q

Granulocytes:

A

type of WBC (Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil)

110
Q

Neutrophils:

A

Most abundant type of WBC

111
Q

Basophils:

A

WBC whose granules stain purplish-black and nucleus purple with basic dye

112
Q

Eosinophils:

A

Granular WBC whose granules readily take up an acid stain called eosin

113
Q

Agranulocytes:

A

Type of WBC (lymphocyte and monocyte)

114
Q

Lymphocytes:

A

Agranular WBC that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body

115
Q

Monocytes:

A

Large single-nucleus WBC; Agranular leukocyte

116
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of (foreign) cells; induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes

117
Q

Leukocytopenia (Leucopenia):

A

Abnormally low WBC count

118
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

a large bone marrow cell with a lobulated nucleus responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes

119
Q

Hemostasis:

A

Stoppage of bleeding/bld flow (due to a break in a bld vessel)

120
Q

Coagulation:

A

Process in which bld is transformed from a liquid to a gel; bld clotting

121
Q

Fibrin:

A

Fibrous insoluble protein formed during bld clotting

122
Q

Fibrinogen:

A

A soluble bld protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during bld clotting

123
Q

P-

A

the period during which the atria are depolarizing

124
Q

QRS-

A

the period during which the ventricles are depolarizing, which precedes their contraction

125
Q

T-

A

the period during which the ventricles are repolarizing

126
Q

Systole-

A

the contraction of the ventricles

127
Q

Diastole

A

the period of ventricular relaxation

128
Q

Cardiac cycle-

A

the heart chambers of the heart alternately contract & relax in a rhythmic cycle

129
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped from the LVper beat
in the relationship CO = HR X SV, SV stands for stroke volume
For a normal heartbeat, the value of SV is 70 ml per beat

130
Q

Cardiac output

A

the volume of blood being pumped by the heart (by ech side of the heart such as LV/RV), per min
in the relationship CO = HR X SV, CO stands for cardiac output

131
Q

Average cardiac output for a resting adult

A

5250 ml beat per min

132
Q

Starling’s law

A

the more the cardiac muscle is stretched; the stronger the contraction)
the critical factor that determines the force of heartbeat, or stroke volume, is the degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle just before it contracts. Consequently, the force of heartbeat can be increased by increasing the amount of blood returned to the heart

133
Q

location of the heart in the body

A

The heart lies anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum

134
Q

List the layers of the heart itself and its coverings

A 
Pericardium	**serous fluid is found between the layers**
Visceral cardium
Parietal cardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
135
Q

Arteries-

A

are large and carry blood away from the heart

136
Q

Arterioles-

A

are medium and carry blood away from the heart

137
Q

Veins

A

are large and carry blood to the heart

138
Q

Venules

A

are medium and carry blood to the heart

139
Q

Capillaries

A

are small and carry blood to AND away from the heart

140
Q

blood vessels

Different types

A

Vein
Artery
Capillaries

141
Q

Arteries

A 
Smaller lumen
Elastic connective tissue
Larger tunica media
Blood pumped by heart
3 layers
Carry blood
142
Q

Veins

A

Bigger lumen
Have valves
“Milking” action of the skeletal muscle to return blood

143
Q

Capillaries

A

Bridge

144
Q

carry oxygenated

A

All arteries carry oxygenated blood, except the pulmonary artery

145
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

All veins carry deoxygenated blood, except the pulmonary vein

146
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli of the lungs (alveolar membrane)
The pulmonary arteries and veins connect the heart and the lungs

147
Q

Define heart block

A

Double layered sac enclosing the heart and forming its superficial layer; has fibrous and serous layers

148
Q

Pericarditis:

A

inflammation of the pericardium

149
Q

Myocardium

A

Layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle

150
Q

Endocardium:

A

endothelial membrane that lines the interior of the heart

151
Q

Atria:

A

the two superior receiving chambers of the heart

152
Q

Ventricle:

A

Paired, inferiorly located heart chambers that function as the major blood pumps

153
Q

Interatrial septum:

A

separates the left and right atria

154
Q

Interventricular septum:

A

separates the two ventricles

155
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Valves located btwn the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side of the heart, prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting

156
Q

Tricuspid valves

A

right atrioventricular valve

157
Q

Bicuspid valves

A

the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two tapered cusps

158
Q

Chordae tendineae:

A

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

159
Q

Aortic semilunar valves:

A

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

160
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valves:

A

valve situated between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, which guards the base of the pulmonary trunk and prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle

161
Q

Coronary arteries:

A

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

162
Q

Cardiac veins:

A

drain the myocardium of blood

163
Q

Coronary sinus:

A

enlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

164
Q

Angina pectoris:

A

chest pain, resulting from ischemia of the myocardium (heart doesn’t have enough oxygen)

165
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

166
Q

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker):

A

specialized myocardial cells in the wall of the right atrium; pacemaker of the heart

167
Q

Atrioventricular node:

A

The secondary pacemaker controlling the heartbeat

168
Q

Purkinje fibers:

A

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

169
Q

Systole:

A

the contraction of the ventricles

170
Q

Diastole:

A

the period of ventricular relaxation

171
Q

Fibrillation:

A

a condition in which the heart is uncoordinated and useless as a pump (chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation)

172
Q

Cardiac cycle:

A

one complete heartbeat

173
Q

Heart sounds:

A

Lub-dub. 1st- a-v valves close. 2nd- aortic and pulmonary valves close

174
Q

Murmurs:

A

an extra sound to a heart beat

175
Q

Cardiac output:

A

the vol of blood being pumped by the heart (by ech side of the heart such as LV/RV), per min

176
Q

Stroke volume:

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction

177
Q

Congestive heart failure:

A

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

178
Q

Atrioventricular bundle:

A

a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract

179
Q

Menses:

A

functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed (stage of menstrual cycle)

180
Q

Menopause:

A

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

181
Q

Embryo:

A

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

182
Q

Fetus:

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

183
Q

Interstitial cells:

A

in the testes, these cells lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce the hormone testosterone

184
Q

Spermatogonia:

A

cells produced at an early stage in the formation of spermatozoa, formed in the wall of a seminiferous tubule and giving rise by mitosis to spermatocytes

185
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions:

A

intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses or false labor/contractions of the uterus

186
Q

LH

A

Male- Stimulates testosterone production

Female- Regulates when mature egg is released from ovaries in (process AKA ovulation)

187
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced by the corpus luteum
Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood
Helps maintain pregnancy

188
Q

Estrogen

A

Produced by follicle cells

Cause secondary sex characteristics

189
Q

FSH

A

Stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries; helps regulate the menstrual cycle (produced by pituitary gland)

190
Q

Process of spermatogenesis

A

64-72 Days

191
Q

Beginning of spermatogenesis:

A

abt 14 y/o (and often earlier)

192
Q

Beginning of oogenesis:

A

during pd until menopause

193
Q

Period of gestation:

A

From last pd until birth (approx. 280 days)

194
Q

Time of ovulation

A

less than 5 minutes

195
Q

The egg is viable and capable of fertilization

A

No more than 2 days after ovulation and no later than 24 hrs after

196
Q

Uterine tube

A

Connects the ovaries to the uterus allowing the transportation of the ova from the ovary to the uterus

197
Q

Seminiferous tubules:

A

Network of coiled tubes where sperm are produced by meiosis

198
Q

Testes:

A

Produces sperm and testosterone

199
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

A pair of glands located underneath the bladder - they produce a thick fluid made up of fructose, which provides energy that the sperm need to survive

200
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

2 small glands located beneath the prostate. These glands secrete a fluid that help sperm survive the acidic environment of the vagina

201
Q

Prostate gland

A

Produces a thin, alkaline fluid that sperms move

202
Q

Mammary glands:

A

Produce milk to nourish a newborn baby (important only when reproduction has already been accomplished)

203
Q

Spermatic cord:

A

suspends the testes in the scrotum, provides a heat cooling system, and is a blood supply, lymphatics and nerves

204
Q

Ductus deferens:

A

A tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra

205
Q

Alveolar glands:

A

clusters of milk producing glands within lobules

206
Q

Uterus:

A

Implantation and embryo development

207
Q

Components that make up semen

A

Sperm, and the fluids from the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, and seminal vesicles

208
Q

Optimum temperature

A

3C less than normal body temp. (37oC)

209
Q

3 distinct parts

A

Acrosome, Head and Tail

210
Q

When/where do primary oocytes exist

A

Ovaries… After Oogonia transforms into the primary oocyte after mitosis; primary oocyte begin the 1st meiotic division but become “stalled’ late in prophase I and do not complete it

211
Q

When is a secondary oocytes made

A

After puberty when 2 haploid cells are formed. The larger cell is the second oocyte and contains nearly all of the cytoplasm of the primary oocyte

212
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus from superficial to deep

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

213
Q

now the three stages of the uterine cycle

A

Menstrual:
Proliferative:
Secretory:

214
Q

Menstrual

A

the functional layer of the endometrium is shed

215
Q

Proliferative

A

the functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt

216
Q

Secretory

A

beings immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive an embryo

217
Q

Know the three stages of labor

A 
Dilation
Cervix becomes dilated
Uterine contractions begin and increase
The amnion ruptures
Expulsion
Infant passes through the cervix and vagina
Normal delivery is head first
Placental stage
Delivery of the placenta

A&P final (1 decks)

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