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Musculoskeletal + Rheumatology > Knee Pathology > Flashcards

Knee Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

How does an anterior cruciate ligament tear present?

A

Tackled from behind

Pop or a crack

Severe pain

Immediate swelling, due to haemarthrosis

Positive lachman test

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2
Q

What tests can be used to assess the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Anterior drawer test positive

Lachman test positive

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3
Q

What is the Lachman test?

A

Demonstrates significant forward translation of the tibia when the knee is in 20 degrees of flexion and the tibia is forced forward while the femur is stabilized

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4
Q

What is the management of anterior cruciate ligament tear?

A

RICE

Analgesia

NSAIDS

Physiotherapy

Customised bracing

ACL reconstruction

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5
Q

What is the most common ligament injury of the knee?

A

Medial collateral ligament tear

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6
Q

What causes a medial collateral ligament tear?

A

Severe valgus stress, such as skiing

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7
Q

How do medial collateral ligament tears present?

A

Direct blow to lateral aspect of leg, putting strain on medial ligament

Pop or a crack

Medial pain and tender joint line

Medial bruising on medial knee

Slowly devloping swelling

Tender femoral insertion of MCL

Painful in full extension

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8
Q

What is the management of medial collateral ligament tears?

A

RICE

NSAIDS

Physiotherapy

Brace for comfort

MCL reconstruction or repair

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9
Q

Give a complication of medial collateral ligament tears

A

Common peroneal nerve damage, resulting in foot drop

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10
Q

How do lateral collateral ligament tears present?

A

Direct blow to medial leg, putting pressure on lateral ligament

Sharp lateral pain and joint line tenderness

Feeling a crack

Slowly developing effusion

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11
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

Crescent shaped fibrocartilage that partially divides some synovial joints to provide stability

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12
Q

What are the functions of a meniscus?

A

Buffer between joint

Shock absorption

Lubrication

Limits flexion and extension

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13
Q

What is the most common meniscus tear?

A

Medial as most fixed structure

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14
Q

How do medial meniscus tears present?

A

Twisting around flexed knee

Painful click

Locking and inability to extend knee

Intermittent/slow swelling as not highly vascularised

Tender joint line at point of tear

Fail deep squat

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15
Q

What tests are used to assess the medial meniscus?

A

Thessaly’s test

MacMurray’s test

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16
Q

What is Thessaly’s test?

A

Patient rotates knee while standing

17
Q

What is MacMurray’s test?

A

Knee is rotated while patient is lying down

18
Q

What is the management of a medial meniscus tear?

A

RICE

Physiotherapy

  • Hamstring and quadriceps strengthening

Analgesia

NSAIDS

Surgery

  • Meniscal replacement
19
Q

What is the unhappy triad?

A

medial meniscus, anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament all tearing at once

20
Q

What is Osteochondritis Dissecans?

A

Joint disorder in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and subchondral bone, resulting in a pathological lesion/fragment separated from the joint

21
Q

What is the most common location of Osteochondritis Dissecans?

A

Knee (posterolateral aspect of medial femoral condyle)

22
Q

What causes Osteochondritis Dissecans?

A

Hereditary

Traumatic

Vascular

23
Q

How does Osteochondritis Dissecans present?

A

Activity-related pain: Poorly localised

Recurrent effusions

Mechanical symptoms: Locking, block to full movement

Localised tenderness

Stiffness

24
Q

How is Osteochondritis Dissecans managed?

A

Conservative Management

  • Restricted weight-bearing
  • ROM brace

Open fixation or Arthroscopy

25
Q

How does baker’s cyst present?

A

Non tender lump below the popliteal fossa/behind knee

Becomes tense on leg extension

More likely to develop in patients with arthritis or gout and following a minor trauma to the knee

Often occuring in a child

26
Q

What is bursitis?

A
27
Q

What is Iliotibial band syndrome?

A

Common cause of lateral knee pain in runners

28
Q

How is iliotibial band syndrome managed?

A

Activity modification and iliotibial band stretches

Physiotherapy referral if not improving

Musculoskeletal + Rheumatology (16 decks)

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